The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate coexists with the peptide known as substance P
in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation 1 . Because blockers of glutamate …

Delta and mu opioid receptors (DORs and MORs) are inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors
that reportedly cooperatively regulate the transmission of pain messages by substance P …

Several human channelopathies result from mutations in α 1A , the pore-forming subunit of P/Q-type
Ca 2+ channels, conduits of presynaptic Ca 2+ entry for evoked neurotransmission. …

Background: Migraine and other headache disorders affect a large percentage of the
population and cause debilitating pain. Activation and sensitization of the trigeminal primary …

Migraine is among the most common diseases on earth and one of the most disabling, the
latter due in large part to poor treatment efficacy. Development of new therapeutics is …

Synaptic vesicles are responsible for releasing neurotransmitters and are thus essential to
brain function. The classical mode of vesicle recycling includes full collapse of the vesicle into …

Synaptic transmission at CNS synapses is often mediated by joint actions of multiple Ca 2+
channel subtypes, most prominently, P/Q- and N-type. We have proposed that P/Q-type Ca 2…

Recent genetic and functional studies suggest that migraine may result from abnormal activities
of ion channels and transporters. A frameshift mutation in the human TWIK-related spinal …

Virtually all excitable cells express plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs)
that transduce electrical activity into intracellular biochemical signals. Membrane …

Inhibitory synapses play key roles in the modulatory circuitry that regulates pain signaling
and generation of migraine headache. A rare, dominant form of this common disease, familial …