Memory reconsolidation has been argued to be a distinct process that serves to maintain,
strengthen or modify memories. Specifically, the retrieval of a previously consolidated memory …

Reconsolidation—the stabilization of a memory after retrieval—is hypothesized to be a critical
and distinct component of memory processing, the disruption of which results in memory …

This review describes the role of cytokines and their downstream signaling cascades on the
modulation of learning and memory. Immune proteins are required for many key neural …

The nonapeptide oxytocin is considered beneficial to mental health due to its anxiolytic,
prosocial and antistress effects, but evidence for anxiogenic actions of oxytocin in humans has …

Anxiety disorders are commonly associated with increased generalization of fear from a
stress-or trauma-associated environment to a neutral context or environment. Differences in …

Over time, memory retrieval is thought to transfer from the hippocampus to a distributed
network of neocortical sites. Of these sites, the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is robustly activated …

Learning processes mediating conditioning and extinction of contextual fear require
activation of several key signaling pathways in the hippocampus. Principal hippocampal CA1 …

Conditioning and extinction of fear have traditionally been viewed as two independent
learning processes for encoding representations of contexts or cues (conditioned stimuli, CS), …

Persistent maladaptive memories that maintain drug seeking and are resistant to extinction
are a hallmark of addiction. As such, disruption of memory reconsolidation after retrieval has …

General or brain-region-specific decreases in spine number or morphology accompany major
neuropsychiatric disorders. It is unclear, however, whether changes in spine density are …