Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Japan shows the advantages and limitations of pursuing universal health coverage by
establishment of employee-based and community-based social health insurance. On the positive …

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and its synthetic analog
polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and induces type I interferon (IFN), …

… We conjecture a more general obstruction, as in the case of Matsumoto and Kurita [1994].
One may argue that the gap between the bounds and the attained values is a problem, see …

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a key enzyme in the elimination of dopamine in the
prefrontal cortex of the human brain. Genetic variation in the COMT gene (MIM 116790) has …

DNA from bacteria has stimulatory effects on mammalian immune cells 1 , 2 , 3 , which
depend on the presence of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in the bacterial DNA. In contrast, …

MyD88, originally isolated as a myeloid differentiation primary response gene, is shown to
act as an adaptor in interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling by interacting with both the IL-1 receptor …

Brazil has a monitoring system to track annual forest conversion in the Amazon and most
recently to monitor the Cerrado biome. However, there is still a gap of annual land use and …

We investigated the possibility that neuronal cells given a mild ischemic treatment sufficient
to perturb the cellular metabolism acquired tolerance to a subsequent, and what would be …

INTERLEUKIN-4(IL-4) is a pleiotropic lymphokine which plays an important role in the
immune system 1 . IL-4 activates two distinct signalling pathways through tyrosine …