Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused attention, and failure in
gamma regulation is a hallmark of neurological and psychiatric disease. Current theory …

A major long-term goal of systems neuroscience is to identify the different roles of neural
subtypes in brain circuit function. The ability to causally manipulate selective cell types is critical …

Highlights • Cortical circuits exhibit flexible activity patterns and encoding of sensory stimuli.
• Inhibitory interneurons may mediate cortical mode transitions. • Neuromodulatory inputs …

Spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity is highly state-dependent, yet relatively little
is known about transitions between distinct waking states. Patterns of activity in mouse V1 …

The state of the brain and body constantly varies on rapid and slow timescales. These
variations contribute to the apparent noisiness of sensory responses at both the neural and the …

Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of
their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other …

GABAergic interneurons, which are highly diverse, have long been thought to contribute to
the timing of neural activity as well as to the generation and shaping of brain rhythms. …

Variation in an animal’s behavioral state is linked to fluctuations in brain activity and cognitive
ability. In the neocortex, state-dependent circuit dynamics may reflect neuromodulatory …

Genetically encoded optical actuators and indicators have changed the landscape of
neuroscience, enabling targetable control and readout of specific components of intact neural …

Cortical gain regulation allows neurons to respond adaptively to changing inputs. Neural gain
is modulated by internal and external influences, including attentional and arousal states, …