We re-examine the individual components for human embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced
pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture and formulate a cell culture system in which all protein …

This protocol describes an EDTA-based passaging procedure to be used with chemically
defined E8 medium that serves as a tool for basic and translational research into human …

Human ESCs are the pluripotent precursor of the three embryonic germ layers. Human ESCs
exhibit basal-apical polarity, junctional complexes, integrin-dependent matrix adhesion, …

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)/Nodal, and Insulin/insulin-like
growth factor (IGF) signaling pathways are sufficient to maintain human embryonic stem …

Gene-corrected patient-specific induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells offer a unique approach
to gene therapy. Here, we begin to assess whether the mutational load acquired during …

Organelles are in constant communication with each other through exchange of proteins (mediated
by trafficking vesicles) and lipids [mediated by both trafficking vesicles and lipid …

Rab GTPases are switched from their GDP-bound inactive conformation to a GTP-bound active
state by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). The first putative GEFs isolated for …

The fusion of neurotransmitter-filled synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane requires
two classes of molecules—SNAP receptor (SNARE) and Sec1/Munc18 (SM) protein. …

Multimeric adaptors are broadly involved in vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking. AP2
adaptor, in particular, plays a central role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by recruiting …

Diabetes is a leading cause of death worldwide and results in over 3 million annual deaths.
While insulin manages the disease well, many patients fail to comply with injection schedules…