Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has the highest incidence amongst the pediatric population and
its mild severity represents the most frequent cases. Moderate and severe injuries as well as …

The cerebellum is critically involved in the formation of associative fear memory and in
subsequent extinction learning. Fear conditioning is associated with a long-term potentiation at …

Aim Retrospective studies suggest that mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in pediatric
patients may lead to an increased risk of cardiac events. However, the exact functional and …

Endocannabinoids retrogradely regulate synaptic transmission and their abundance is
controlled by the fine balance between endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. While the …

Glutamate directly activates N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on presynaptic inhibitory
interneurons and enhances GABA release, altering the excitatory-inhibitory balance within …

In central respiratory circuitry, synaptic excitation is responsible for synchronizing neuronal
activity in the different respiratory rhythm phases, whereas chloride-mediated inhibition is …

Central circuitry of the vestibular nuclei integrates sensory inputs in the adaptive control of
motor behaviors such as posture, locomotion, and gaze stabilization. Thus far, such circuits …

Perinatal exposure to drugs of abuse, including alcohol (ethanol), is known to impinge the
development of respiratory function. However, most studies described the short-term effects of …

Due to the assumed plasticity of immature brain, early in life brain alterations are thought to
lead to better recoveries in comparison to the mature brain. Despite clinical needs, how …

Stellate and basket cells in the molecular layer of the cerebellum are inhibitory interneurons
that control the activity of Purkinje cells. Recent studies using genetic approaches have …