Many animals produce and respond to signals made up of multiple components. For example,
many avian sexual displays are highly extravagant combinations of visual and acoustic …

In recent years, there have been over 50 comparative analyses carried out in which social
or ecological variables have been used to explain variation in whole brain size, or a part …

Across a range of disciplines, researchers are becoming increasingly interested in studying
the variation in cognitive abilities found within populations. Behavioral ecology is no …

ANIMAL signals are often 'multicomponent' 1–3 , consisting of displays with several parts to
allow exploitation of different senses. An example is the courtship display of the peacock, …

Multimodal warning displays combine visual signals with components produced in other
sensory modalities, for instance, aposematically coloured insects often produce a pungent …

The question, “Why should prey advertise their presence to predators using warning coloration?”
has been asked for over 150 years. It is now widely acknowledged that defended prey …

Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear. …

Multimodal defensive displays are commonplace, with prey combining conspicuous coloration,
sounds, odours and other chemical emissions to deter predators. These components can …

It is now well established that signal receivers have a key role in the evolution of animal
communication: the suite of sensory and cognitive processes by which animals perceive and …

Toxic prey advertise their unprofitability to predators via conspicuous aposematic coloration [1].
It is widely accepted that avoidance learning by naive predators is fundamental in …