Traumatic optic nerve injury and glaucoma are among the leading causes of incurable vision loss across the world. What is worse, neither pharmacological nor surgical interventions are significantly effective in reversing or halting the progression of vision loss. Advances in cell biology offer some hope for the victims of optic nerve damage and subsequent partial or complete visual loss. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) travel through the optic nerve and carry all visual signals to the brain. After injury, RGC axons usually fail to regrow and die, leading to irreversible loss of vision. Various kinds of cells and factors possess the ability to support the process of axon regeneration for RGCs. This article summarizes the latest advances in RGC regeneration.