Chronic pain is among the most prevalent medical problems, affecting more than half of patients with advanced cancer and many with other common diseases. Current analgesics often fail to provide satisfactory symptom relief and frequently cause severe side effects. Intrathecal (IT) gene transfer is an attractive method for pain research in rodent models, because it allows targeting of a wide variety of secretable peptides and proteins to the spinal cord, an important neural center for the processing of nociceptive signals. The potential of IT gene transfer for improving opioid therapy and for validating new analgesic targets, such as cytokines involved in spinal glial activation, is discussed. The IT space has been notoriously resistant to efficient gene transfer, limiting therapeutic gene expression to less than 2 weeks with most vector systems. Recent progress with adeno-associated virus (AAV) technology allowed efficient long-term gene expression, facilitating studies reflective of the chronic nature of many pain states. AAV is one of the most advanced gene therapy vectors currently undergoing clinical trials for a variety of disorders. In patients, AAV vectors could be administered intrathecally by a lumbar puncture, a safe procedure routinely performed at the bedside. AAV vectors may therefore become an important tool for translational studies to validate newly identified therapeutic targets in clinical pain states.