Previous studies have demonstrated age-related decreases in the transmitters glycine and glutamate in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of the Fischer-344 (F344) rat, along with declining levels of binding for glycine receptors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate structural correlates to the transmitter and receptor losses that accompany aging in the anteroventral CN (AVCN). Thin sections were obtained from the middle-frequency area of the right AVCNs from five 3-month-, four 19-month-, and five 28-month-old F344 rats. Montages were constructed from electron micrographs taken of several sites in each AVCN section. The presynaptic terminals were classified by vesicle type and postsynaptic target, and their perimeters and synaptic lengths were traced using morphometry software. The calibers of all dendritic profiles were also measured, and cell counts were performed on semi-thin sections. The data were compared among the three age groups using analysis of variance followed by Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference for pairwise comparisons. There were significant age-related decreases in the size of terminals contacting small-caliber (<2 microm) dendrites. Dendrites of this size comprised the largest percentage of dendrites in the AVCN. On these targets, round and pleomorphic-vesicle terminals were reduced in volume by nearly 44% and 24%, respectively, in 28-month olds when compared to the 3-month olds. On the other hand, the densities and numbers of synaptic terminals and dendritic profiles did not differ among age groups, and no neuronal losses were evident in the older animals. Also, there were no detectable changes in synaptic area among groups. The decrease in terminal size may be related to age-associated reductions in neurotransmitter levels previously described in the F344 CN. The observations presented here contrast with those previously described in the inferior colliculus (IC), in which there were significant age-related losses of synaptic terminals and dendrites, but no change in the size of synaptic terminals. The lack of synaptic and dendritic losses suggests that the structural connectivity of the rat AVCN remains relatively intact during aging, which is interesting in light of the synaptic and dendritic changes evident in the IC, a major target of its projections.