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Selective autophagy of the adaptor TRIF regulates innate inflammatory signaling

Nature Immunology volume 19, pages 246–254 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Defective autophagy is linked to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms by which autophagy limits inflammation remain poorly understood. Here we found that loss of the autophagy-related gene Atg16l1 promoted accumulation of the adaptor TRIF and downstream signaling in macrophages. Multiplex proteomic profiling identified SQSTM1 and Tax1BP1 as selective autophagy-related receptors that mediated the turnover of TRIF. Knockdown of Tax1bp1 increased production of the cytokines IFN-β and IL-1β. Mice lacking Atg16l1 in myeloid cells succumbed to lipopolysaccharide-mediated sepsis but enhanced their clearance of intestinal Salmonella typhimurium in an interferon receptor–dependent manner. Human macrophages with the Crohn’s disease–associated Atg16l1 variant T300A exhibited more production of IFN-β and IL-1β. An elevated interferon-response gene signature was observed in patients with IBD who were resistant to treatment with an antibody to the cytokine TNF. These findings identify selective autophagy as a key regulator of signaling via the innate immune system.

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Fig. 1: Loss of Atg16l1 increases the production of IFN-β by BMDMs after stimulation of TLR3 and TLR4.
Fig. 2: Accumulation of TRIF oligomers in Atg16l1-cKO BMDMs.
Fig. 3: Multiplexed mass spectrometry identifies candidate autophagy receptors involved in TRIF turnover.
Fig. 4: Tax1BP1 and SQSTM1 interact with TRIF to regulate IFN-β production.
Fig. 5: Myeloid cell–specific deletion of Atg16l1 enhances the activation of IFNAR1, which drives the inflammation of LPS-induced sepsis and S. Typhimurium–induced ileitis.
Fig. 6: The Crohn’s disease–associated Atg16l1 missense variant T300A elevates the production of IFN-β and IL-1β by human macrophages.
Fig. 7: IRGs are induced in IBD and correlate with a lack of response to anti-TNF therapy.

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Acknowledgements

We thank K. Cherry and E. Chua for assistance with animal husbandry; S. Gierke and C. Chalouni for technical expertise in microscopy; M. Zepeda for assistance with human donor studies; A. Scherl and L. Diehl for pathology support; and J. Arron and I. Mellman for critical evaluation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Mohammad Samie, Junghyun Lim & Aditya Murthy

  2. Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Erik Verschueren, Joshua M. Baughman & Donald S. Kirkpatrick

  3. Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Ivan Peng, Aaron Wong, Youngsu Kwon & Brent Mckenzie

  4. Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Yasin Senbabaoglu & Jason A. Hackney

  5. Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Mary Keir

  6. Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA

    Menno van Lookeren Campagne

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Contributions

M.S and A.M. conceptualized the study and designed experiments; M.S, J.L. and A.M. conducted experiments; E.V. performed mass spectrometry data analysis; J.M.B. designed and performed mass spectrometry; I.P., A.W. and Y.K. performed in vivo LPS sepsis and S. Typhimurium infection studies; Y.S. performed RNA-Seq analysis; J.A.H. and M.K. analyzed clinical data sets; B.M. coordinated in vivo studies; D.S.K. coordinated mass spectrometry, guided data analysis and discussed the study; M.v.L.C. guided data analysis, discussed the study and critiqued the manuscript; and A.M. wrote the manuscript with input from all authors.

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Correspondence to Aditya Murthy.

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All authors except J.M.B. are employees of Genentech; J.M.B. is an employee of MedImmune.

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Supplementary Figure 1 Loss of Atg16l1 enhances TRIF-dependent IFN-β production by BMDMs.

a, IFN-β and IL-1β levels (ELISA) in cell culture media of BMDMs treated with indicated TLR ligands for 6 hours. b, Immunoblots depicting TBK1 and IRF3 phosphorylation in Atg16l1 cKO BMDMs over 24 hours of LPS treatment. c, mRNA transcript levels of Ifnb1 in BMDMs treated with indicated TLR ligands for 3 hours. d, mRNA transcript levels of Il1b, Tnf and Il6 in BMDMs treated with indicated TLR ligands. e, IFN-α levels (ELISA) in cell culture media of BMDMs treated with indicated TLR ligands for 24 hours. f, Immunoblots of Ticam1 knockdown by lentiviral shRNA in BMDMs. g, IFN-β and TNF levels (ELISA) in cell culture media of BMDMs following TRIF knockdown as in (e) followed by LPS treatment for 24 hours. ELISA and qPCR data are pooled from 4 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Ticam1 knockdown data are pooled from 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Immunoblots are representative of 3 independent experiments. Bars in scatter plots depict mean. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 (Student’s two-sided t test without multiple comparisons correction).

Supplementary Figure 2 Elevated production of IFN-β and IL-1β by Atg16l1- or Atg5l-deficient BMDCs.

IFN-β, IL-1β and IL-6 levels (ELISA) in cell culture media of Control, Atg16l1-cKO and Atg5l-cKO BMDCs treated with indicated TLR ligands for 24 hours. Data are pooled from 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Bars in scatter plots depict mean. *P<0.05; **P<0.01 (Student’s two-sided t test without multiple comparisons correction).

Supplementary Figure 3 Depletion of the cytosolic RNA sensor RIG-I does not impact TLR4-mediated production of IFN-β by Atg16l1-deficient BMDMs.

a, Immunoblots of RIG-I following lentiviral shRNA-mediated knockdown of its encoding mRNA Ddx58. b, IFN-β and TNF levels (ELISA) in cell culture media of BMDMs following Ddx58 knockdown and LPS treatment for 24 hours. Immunoblots are representative of 3 independent experiments. ELISA data are pooled from 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Bars in scatter plots depict mean. *P<0.01 (Student’s two-sided t test without multiple comparisons correction).

Supplementary Figure 4 Accumulation of TRIF oligomers in Atg16l1-deficient BMDMs.

a, SDS-PAGE immunoblots of TRIF, MYD88 and αTubulin over 6 hours of LPS treatment. High molecular weight forms of TRIF are depicted as TRIF oligomers. b, SDS-PAGE following treatment of lysates with 150mM NaOH degrades TRIF and a majority of cellular protein in BMDMs. BMDMs were assessed over 9 hours of cycloheximide (CHX) chase. Coomassie Blue staining depicts total input protein. Immunoblots and gels are representative of 3 independent experiments (a) and 2 independent experiments (b).

Supplementary Figure 5 TMT 10-plex mass spectrometry reveals accumulation of autophagy receptors and cargo in Atg16l1-deficient BMDMs over 24 h of LPS treatment.

a, Venn diagram showing the overlap between the 6272 identified proteins in three biological replicates of the multiplexed proteomics assay. b, Histogram of the unique peptides per protein distribution for each replicate of the multiplexed proteomics assay showing excellent identification consistency. 1588 out of 6272 proteins did not meet quality filtering criteria due to insufficient data or low signal and were excluded from statistical testing. c, Waterfall plot of log2-fold-changes for each of the five pairwise comparisons (Atg16l1 cKO/ Control for each post LPS treatment time point). Most proteins did not show appreciable changes (|Log2FC| > 1) between genotypes. d, Heat map of additional proteins showing differential abundance (|log2-fold-change| > 1, no p-value threshold) in at least one timepoint of the 24-hour time course, classified by down (blue)- or up-regulation (red) in Atg16l1 deficient BMDMs and the impact of Atg16l1 deficiency on basal and signal-induced autophagy. e, Line plots of log2-scaled protein abundance changes over 24 hours of LPS stimulation for all core autophagy machinery proteins identified by multiplexed proteomics. Complete listing of all identified macroautophagy-associated proteins identified by TMT-MS is provided in Supplementary Table 3. f, Boxplots depicting a significant mean-shift of interferon beta response-associated proteins (GO003546) in Atg16l1 deficient BMDMs. Box plot limits represent the first and third quartile, the center line indicates the median, and whiskers denote the largest and smallest values no more than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the limits. Data beyond whiskers are outliers. *P<0.001 (Student’s one-sided t test – “IFN-β greater than other”). g, TNF levels in cell culture media of Control and Atg16l1 cKO BMDMs following Tax1bp1 knockdown and 24 hours of LPS treatment. Data are pooled from 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. Bars in scatter plots depict mean.

Supplementary Figure 6 Maintenance of the T300A variant (genotype GG) of Atg16l1 in healthy people across genetically distinct populations.

Charts depict relative frequency of reference/non-risk (AA), heterozygous (AG) and risk/T300A (GG) genotypes of Atg16l1 in 5 major human populations annotated by the 1000 Genomes Project.

Supplementary Figure 7 Validation cohort identifying IRG signature as a biomarker of IBD progression.

Heatmap - interferon-regulated genes in ulcerative colitis samples in GSE23597. Log2 normalized signal for each gene was standardized to give a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. Samples are ordered by infliximab response (R=Responder, blue; NR=Non-responder, red) and pre- v. post-treatment time point (Pre-tx=Pre-treatment, grey; Post-tx=Post-treatment, black). Box plot – IRG signature score for interferon responsive genes. Log2 relative signature scores are shown for infliximab responders and non-responders, both prior to and after treatment. Box plot limits represent the first and third quartile, the center line indicates the median, and whiskers denote the largest and smallest values no more than 1.5 times the interquartile range from the limits. R Pre-tx, n = 25; R Post-tx, n = 20; NR Pre-tx, n = 7; NR Post-tx, n = 7. *P< 0.05 (linear regression testing differences between responders and non-responders in pre-treatment samples, or pre- and post-treatment samples in responders and non-responders, separately).

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Supplementary Figures 1-7

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Supplementary Table 1: Atg16l1 cKO vs. Control protein abundance changes post-LPS stimulus.

Time point matched pairwise comparisons between triplicates of Atg16l1 cKO and Control BMDMs for all 4,684 quantified proteins. The comparison is expressed as a log2 fold-change of the estimated protein abundance difference from TMT data between the respective conditions and the significance of that change. For each pairwise comparison between Control and Atg16l1 cKO samples and corresponding time points, the Fold Change (Log2) and the results of an ANOVA test were reported

Supplementary Table 2: Gene Ontology Pathway Enrichment groups.

Results of the Gene Ontology enrichment, calculated by GOstats, for all clusters depicted in Figure 3d. Clusters are defined as 1) Proteins basally upregulated in Atg16l1 cKO BMDMs; 2) Proteins upregulated in Atg16l1 cKO BMDMs following LPS treatment, and 3) Proteins downregulated in Atg16l1 cKO BMDMs.

Supplementary Table 3: Macroautophagy Components

Identified proteins classified into macro-autophagy related categories, indicating whether they are changing significantly in the multiplexed proteomics assay (heat map illustrated in Fig. 3c; core autophagy components listed in Supplementary Fig. 5e).

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Samie, M., Lim, J., Verschueren, E. et al. Selective autophagy of the adaptor TRIF regulates innate inflammatory signaling. Nat Immunol 19, 246–254 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-017-0042-6

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