Key Points
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In tasks that are designed to explore some facet of cognitive functioning, the participant's response on each trial is influenced by the specific combination of conditions occurring on that trial and the trial that preceded it. This residual influence from the previous trial indicates that information presented during, or the actions required by, the previous trial leaves an imprint on the brain. We provide four examples of previous trial effects and we show how these imprints are manifest in the activity of single neurons that participate in producing the response.
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The frontal eye fields and superior colliculi function like the 'salience map' used in computational models of visual attention. A salience map is a two-dimensional, topographically organized map that represents the distinctiveness of objects in the visual scene. Likewise, neurons in the frontal eye fields and the superior colliculi represent the salience of visual objects through the overall level of activity elicited by the presentation of the object and how quickly the sensory response discriminates between different objects. In all of the examples presented, the previous trial exerts its influence by changing the salience of the target on the next trial.
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When performing a simple two-alternative choice saccade task (in which a target appears to the left or right, and a monkey initiates saccade to the target's location), monkeys respond faster when the target appears in the same location across consecutive trials. This repetition advantage arises because increased pre-target activity of neurons in the superior colliculus enhances the relative salience of that region on the superior colliculus map and of the target when it appears at that location on the next trial.
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In visual search, an array of objects is presented to an observer who initiates a saccade to the odd one (defined by colour). Monkeys respond faster when the colour of the target remains the same across consecutive trials and they produce more competing responses when the colour changes. Viewing these previous trial effects as changes in the salience of the distractor provides a succinct way to explain both phenomena. When the colour remains the same, the salience of the target is high and the salience of the distractors is low, allowing selection to be completed easily. When the colour changes, the salience of the target is low and the salience of the distractors is high, causing the distractors to compete more for selection.
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Inhibition of return describes the tendency of observers to be slower to reorient to a previously attended location, and is observed in visual search and the cue–target model. In both tasks, the previous trial (or event) decreases the salience of the target.
Abstract
In tasks that are designed to explore cognitive functioning, the response on each trial is a function of the combination of experimental conditions that occurred on that and the previous trial. Because the previous trial influences performance, the event presented during or the action required by the previous trial must leave an imprint on the brain's activity that carries through to the next trial. These imprints are manifest in the activity of single neurons that participate in producing the response. Previous trial effects address disparate cognitive phenomena, such as response priming, task switching and inhibition of return, and the neural bases of previous trial effects can be envisioned as changes in salience of the target or the goal of the action on a spatial map.
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Acknowledgements
The authors greatly appreciate helpful comments from R. McPeek on an earlier version of this article. J.F. is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. D.M. is supported by the Canada Research Chair Program.
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Glossary
- TASK SET
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The same stimulus (for example, a ringing phone) can produce different responses (lift versus do not lift receiver) depending on the situation (your office versus someone else's). Task set refers to the way of responding that is adopted in a given situation. Task-switching experiments measure the costs involved when switching between sets.
- SACCADE
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A rapid eye movement (with speeds of up to 800° s−1) that brings the point of maximal visual acuity — the fovea — to the image of interest.
- SPATIAL REFERENCE FRAMES
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A reference frame describes a set of coordinates that is used to define where an object is located in space. In a retinocentric reference frame objects are mapped in retinal coordinates. In an environmental based (or allocentric) reference frame objects are mapped in world-based coordinates.
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Fecteau, J., Munoz, D. Exploring the consequences of the previous trial. Nat Rev Neurosci 4, 435–443 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1114
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1114
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