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Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing

Nature Neuroscience volume 12, pages 718–724 (2009)Cite this article

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Abstract

Speech and language are considered uniquely human abilities: animals have communication systems, but they do not match human linguistic skills in terms of recursive structure and combinatorial power. Yet, in evolution, spoken language must have emerged from neural mechanisms at least partially available in animals. In this paper, we will demonstrate how our understanding of speech perception, one important facet of language, has profited from findings and theory in nonhuman primate studies. Chief among these are physiological and anatomical studies showing that primate auditory cortex, across species, shows patterns of hierarchical structure, topographic mapping and streams of functional processing. We will identify roles for different cortical areas in the perceptual processing of speech and review functional imaging work in humans that bears on our understanding of how the brain decodes and monitors speech. A new model connects structures in the temporal, frontal and parietal lobes linking speech perception and production.

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Figure 1: Dual processing scheme for 'what' and 'where', proposed for nonhuman primates on anatomical and physiological grounds.
Figure 2: Communication calls consist of elementary features, such as band-pass noise bursts or frequency-modulated (FM) sweeps.
Figure 3: Multiple parallel input modules advocated by some as an alternative to the dual-stream model.
Figure 4: Invariance in the perception of auditory objects (including vocalizations and speech) against transpositions in frequency, time or both.
Figure 5: Dual auditory processing scheme of the human brain and the role of internal models in sensory systems.

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  • 17 June 2009

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank D. Klemm for help with graphic design and T. Tan for help with editing. The work was supported by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (R01NS52494) and the US National Science Foundation (BCS-0519127 and PIRE-OISE-0730255) to J.P.R., and by Wellcome Trust Grant WT074414MA to S.K.S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA

    Josef P Rauschecker

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Centre of Excellence in Computational Complex Systems Research, Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland

    Josef P Rauschecker

  3. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK

    Sophie K Scott

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Correspondence to Josef P Rauschecker or Sophie K Scott.

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Rauschecker, J., Scott, S. Maps and streams in the auditory cortex: nonhuman primates illuminate human speech processing. Nat Neurosci 12, 718–724 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2331

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