Elsevier

Developmental Biology

Volume 374, Issue 1, 1 February 2013, Pages 32-45
Developmental Biology

Neural differentiation of fragile X human embryonic stem cells reveals abnormal patterns of development despite successful neurogenesis

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.11.031Get rights and content
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Abstract

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by developmentally regulated inactivation of FMR1, leading to the absence of its encoded protein FMRP. We have previously shown that undifferentiated Fragile X human Embryonic Stem Cells (FX-hESCs) express FMRP, despite the presence of the full FMR1 mutation (>200 CGG repeats). We describe here, for the first time, in-vitro differentiation of FX-hESCs into neurons progressively inactivating FMR1. Abnormal neurogenesis and aberrant gene expression were found already during early stages of differentiation, leading to poor neuronal maturation and high gliogenic development. Human FX neurons fired action potentials but displayed poor spontaneous synaptic activity and lacked reactivity to glutamate. Our dynamic FX-hESCs model can contribute to the understanding of the sequence of developmental events taking place during neurogenesis and how they are altered in FXS individuals, leading to intellectual disability. Furthermore, it may shed light over the striking phenotypic features characterizing FXS in human.

Highlights

► FX-hESC can differentiate in-vitro into bona-fide neurons. ► Neurogenesis of FX-hESCs recapitulates the in-vivo process of FMR1 downregulation. ► Aberrant development was found already at the early stages of neurogenesis. ► FX neurons express action potentials, but lack synaptic activity.

Keywords

Neural differentiation
Fragile X syndrome
Human embryonic stem cells
Abnormal development
Intellectual disability

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