Basic and Translational ScienceEffects of Ischemia and Oxidative Stress on Bladder Purinoceptors Expression
Section snippets
Animal Model of Chronic Bladder Ischemia
Animal care and experimental protocols were in accordance with the guidelines of our institutional animal care and use committee. New Zealand white male rabbits (3-3.5 kg) were anesthetized with continuous inhalation of 1%-2% isoflurane mixed with oxygen. Moderate arterial atherosclerosis and bladder ischemia were produced using bilateral iliac arteries balloon de-endothelialization. Arterial ballooning was repeated 3-4 times on each side while rotating the catheter. The animals received a
Cystometric Changes in Bladder Ischemia
Three of the 10 treated animals did not develop significant arterial atherosclerosis and were removed from the study. In the remaining 7 animals, atherosclerotic changes characterized by intimal thickening and significant luminal narrowing of the iliac arteries were present. The hemodynamic significance of arterial atherosclerosis was determined based on bladder blood flow measurements. Arterial atherosclerosis significantly decreased bladder blood flow of the 7 treated animals in comparison
Comment
Structural and functional consequences of chronic bladder ischemia depend on the severity and duration of arterial insufficiency.1, 2, 16 In moderate ischemia, the bladder coordinates a series of molecular responses to promote cell survival and preserve functional integrity of the nerves, smooth muscle cells, and microvasculature. These defensive reactions appear to augment neural reactivity and lead to differential receptor expression, smooth muscle hypersensitivity, and increased contractile
Conclusion
Upregulation of P2X purinergic receptor isoforms in bladder ischemia was associated with markers of oxidative stress, detrusor overactivity, and ultrastructural damage. P2X receptors, potential targets of oxidative radicals, could also mediate free radical formation and contribute to oxidative damage in the bladder. Differential P2X expression may be a disease-specific phenomenon in critical aspects of bladder dysfunction including overactivity, hypersensitivity, and pain. Despite the
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2024, Journal of the American Dental AssociationThe Impact of Chronic Pelvic Ischemia on LUTS and Urinary Levels of Neuroinflammatory, Inflammatory, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Elderly Men: A Case-control Study
2019, UrologyCitation Excerpt :In particular, increased expression of NGF, prostaglandins, proinflammatory cytokines, HIF-1α, transforming growth factor β, vascular endothelial growth factor, cytokine-inducible nitric oxide species, and decreased endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide species seem to take part in this response to ischemia in urothelial cells.6, 11 On the other hand, prolonged and severe ischemia, by exhausting smooth muscle energy resources, due to excessive metabolic demands for adaptation to the extreme levels of hypoxia, results in mitochondrial damage, smooth muscle atrophy, fibrosis, contractile dysfunction, as well as further neurodegeneration, progressing from overactivity to underactivity.4,12 In a recent study in rats, balloon-induced endothelial injury of the iliac arteries combined with a high-cholesterol diet induced arterial occlusive disease and bladder ischemia, with consequent detrusor overactivity.10
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Financial Disclosure: The authors declare that they have no relevant financial interests.
Funding Support: This study was supported by grant BLR&D MERIT 1I01BX001428-01A1 from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.