Trends in Neurosciences
Interneuron Diversity series: Circuit complexity and axon wiring economy of cortical interneurons
Section snippets
Building networks for multiple functions
The repertoire and complexity of network performance can be augmented in two fundamentally different ways. The first approach is to use relatively few constituents in large numbers. However, physical realization of this approach in growing networks is problematic. If the network is sparsely connected (e.g. feedforward ‘synfire’ chains of pyramidal cells across many layers [9]), signals become too long to propagate across the network owing to synaptic and conduction delays. However, if the
Scalable interneuronal clocks: connectivity is of the essence
Complex brains have developed specialized mechanisms for keeping time: inhibitory interneuron networks [23]. Oscillatory timing can transform unconnected principal cell groups into temporal coalitions, providing maximal flexibility and economic use of their spikes [24]. Various architectures of inhibitory and excitatory neurons can give rise to oscillations 25, 26, 27, 28. The simplest one consists of interneurons of the same type 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34. Let us illustrate the importance
Functional diversity of interneurons increases computational power at a low wiring cost
As already discussed, integrating functionally novel types of neurons into networks increases their computational diversity 12, 13. Functionality can be defined by the intrinsic, biophysical properties of interneurons 1, 3, 4, 6 and/or by their placement in the network [43]. In terms of their connectivity to the principal cells 2, 5, 13, 44, three major groups of cortical interneurons are recognized: (i) interneurons controlling principal cell output (by perisomatic inhibition), (ii)
Concluding remarks
This review has considered whether, and how, the diversity of cortical interneurons reflects optimization between computational performance of the cortex and its axonal wiring costs. In their relationship to principal cells, three major classes of interneurons are recognized: (i) interneurons controlling principal cell output, (ii) interneurons controlling dendritic inputs and (iii) long-range interneurons coordinating interneuron assemblies. Each class has several further divisions. The number
Acknowledgements
We thank A-L. Barabasi, T.F. Freund, A. Gulyas, K.D. Harris, K. Kaila, N. Logothetis, M. Raichle and the referees for comments and criticism. Our work is supported by NIH and NIMH.
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