Decrease in nasal temperature of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in negative emotional state
Section snippets
Subjects
The subjects were four female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta, 5–8 years old). Each monkey was housed in an individual cage but could make auditory and visual contact with other monkeys in the cage room. Food (monkey chow) and water were provided ad libitum in the cage. Each monkey had participated in one or two cognitive and neurophysiological studies for more than 2 years. The monkeys were all trained and habituated to a custom-designed primate chair.
All of the experiments were performed in
Results
A photograph of one of the monkeys and a typical facial thermogram that was obtained for this monkey at the end of the pre-stimulation period are shown in Fig. 1A and B, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1B, the eyelids and adjacent regions, and the region under the nares showed relatively high skin temperatures (red and orange areas), whereas the upper part of nose showed a relatively low skin temperature (black areas). In contrast, the temperature of the entire nose was lower in the
Discussion
We examined the relation of negative emotional state to facial skin temperature in four rhesus monkeys. In the present study, we applied an infrared thermographic (IRT) system to examine the emotional responses of the monkeys. We found that with the use of well-trained monkeys, it was possible to visualize the temperature changes in the face and to calculate their spatiotemporal distribution. We also found that decreases in the nasal skin temperature during the stimulation period were highly
Acknowledgements
Katsura Nakayama, Shunji Goto, Koji Kuraoka, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan. Katsuki Nakamura, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Kodaira, Japan, Primate Research Institute, Kyobo University, Inuyama, Japan, and CREST, JST, Kawaguchi, Japan.
The authors thank Prof. Shozo Kojima for his support. This research was supported by a grant for COE research (10CE2005) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan, and CREST from
References (34)
- et al.
Responses of blood vessels in the resting hand and forearm to various stimuli
Am Heart J
(1940) A comparison of the effects of stress vs. relaxation instruction on the finger temperature response
Behav Ther
(1976)- et al.
Stress hyperthermia: physiological arguments that it is a fever
Physiol Behav
(1991) - et al.
Opposite effects of gentle handling on body temperature and body weight in rats
Physiol Behav
(1999) Observational study of behavior: sampling methods
Behaviour
(1974)- et al.
Variability of skin temperature in the waking monkey
Am J Physiol
(1976) - et al.
Rhythmic fluctuations of sympathetic tone and their modification by temperature and by psychic influences
Am J Physiol
(1939) - et al.
Handling elevates the colonic temperature of mice
Physiol Behav
(1992) - et al.
Methods for the correction of vascular artifacts in PET 15O-water brain mapping studies
IEEE Trans Nucl Sci
(1995) - et al.
Facial flushing and sweating mediated by the sympathetic nervous system
Brain
(1987)