Behavioural NeuroscienceResearch PaperGABA in pedunculopontine tegmentum increases rapid eye movement sleep in freely moving rats: possible role of GABA-ergic inputs from substantia nigra pars reticulata
Section snippets
Experimental procedures
The experiments were conducted on chronically implanted freely moving male Wistar rats (n=18) weighing 280–320 g. The rats were maintained at 12:12 light:dark cycle (lights on at 7:00 am) with food and water ad libitum. Experiments were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals and the experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Utmost care was taken to use a minimum number of animals
Effect of muscimol microinjection into the PPT
The sites where muscimol injections produced (effective sites) or did not produce (ineffective sites) increase in REM sleep are shown in Fig. 2A. The site of microinjection into PPT was confirmed by the presence of cannula track and Pontamine Sky Blue dye spots amidst ChAT-immunopositive cholinergic neurons of PPT (Fig. 2B, C). Three out of five rats had the microinjection sites within the boundary of PPT. Microinjection of muscimol into PPT enhanced REM sleep (F(2,3)=19.39, P<0.01 compared to
Discussion
We observed that facilitation of GABA-ergic transmission in PPT either by local muscimol microinjection or by pharmacological activation of SNrpr increased the total time spent in REM sleep in freely moving rats. These observations are in agreement with previous reports from others (Torterolo et al 2001, Torterolo et al 2002) and our study in which we proposed a REM sleep promoting role for GABA in PPT (Pal and Mallick, 2006). However, a previous study in decerebrate cats postulated an
Conclusion
The results obtained in this study show that GABA in PPT promotes REM sleep and that the GABA-ergic afferents from SNrpr to PPT contribute to REM sleep generation. The SNrpr is a part of basal ganglia and has reciprocal connections with PPT (Mena-Segovia et al 2004, Winn 2008). Both basal ganglia and PPT are therapeutic targets for the Parkinson's disease (Arnulf et al., 2008). Besides the motor abnormalities, Parkinson's patients also show abnormal sleep architecture and have a high incidence
Acknowledgments
The financial supports from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and Department of Science and Technology to BNM and fellowship to DP from Council of Scientific and Industrial Research are duly acknowledged.
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Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, 7433 Medical Sciences Building 1, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0615, USA. Tel: +1-734-615-7093; fax: +1-734-764-9332. E-mail address: [email protected].