Review articleSleep, sleep deprivation, autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular diseases
Section snippets
Sleep physiology and autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Mammals spend around one-third of their lifetime sleeping. Although the biological meanings of sleep process is still debated, we know that sleep is a complex physiological event, which involves several different biological pathways, from neural cortical circuits to the heart (Saper et al., 2005, Tononi and Cirelli, 2006).
Most of the biological functions of the body changes during sleep compared to wake, such as heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (ABP), temperature, as well as hormonal
Sleep deprivation: general aspects
In the last decades, several studies have investigated the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on cardiovascular morbidity.
We know that we sleep less than in the past: in 1900 estimated adult average sleep in US was nine hours, in 1980 seven hours, in 2000 six and a half hours (Schoenborn and Adams, 2010). National Institutes of Health recommends at least 10 h of sleep for children, 9–10 h for teenagers, and 7–8 h for adults. It has been reported that in 2014 almost 1/3 of the adults slept less than
Experimental sleep deprivation
Several epidemiological evidences suggest a link between short sleep duration and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, i.e. coronary artery diseases, congestive heart failure and hypertension (Cappuccio et al., 2010), as well as infections (Patel et al., 2012) and metabolic diseases (Tasali et al., 2008a, Tasali et al., 2008b).
These clinical consequences are due to the activation of different biological pathways, such as a disregulation of the autonomic cardiovascular
Pathological sleep deprivation
As stated before, pathological SD can be the consequence of several sleep disorders. In this review, we will focus on three main categories of sleep disturbances: sleep disordered-breathing (SDB), such as obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), insomnia and neurological disorders such as PLM and RLS. In fact, although the pathophysiological differences, one of the most important common element of these sleep disorders is the condition of chronic SD, which has a complex series of biological
Conclusions and perspectives
SD is a growing health problem in the whole world. This condition is related to changes in lifestyle habits and an increased prevalence of sleep disorders, such as insomnia and OSA. Independently of its primary cause, SD can impinge upon several biological pathways, such as cardiovascular autonomic control, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses and endothelial function. All these pathophysiological mechanisms are resposible for the link between SD and increased risk of cardiovascular
Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by a European Regional Development Fund—Project FNUSA-ICRC (No. CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0123) to N.M
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