Elsevier

Cortex

Volume 74, January 2016, Pages 320-322
Cortex

Commentary
TDCS increases cortical excitability: Direct evidence from TMS-EEG

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.022Get rights and content

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Role of funding

PBF was supported by a Practitioner Fellowship grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC 606907). KEH was supported by a Post Doctoral Training Fellowship from NHMRC (546229).

Conflicts of interest

PBF has received equipment for research from Medtronic Ltd., MagVenture A/S and Brainsway Ltd. NWB, KEH, RHT, and JCH have no relevant conflicts to declare.

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    In addition, TMS-EEG has also been used for studying the mechanisms underlying human epilepsies (Shafi et al., 2015) and psychiatric disorders (Frantseva et al., 2014). Recently, new multimodal approaches have been developed coupling the recording of TMS-evoked potentials before, during and after non-invasive brain stimulation (rTMS or transcranial electrical stimulation, tES), in order to better understand the mechanisms through which these techniques can induce changes in cortical functions both in physiological and pathological conditions (Chung et al., 2015; Bailey et al., 2016; Hill et al., 2016). For example, Romero Lauro and co-workers (Romero Lauro et al., 2014) used TMS-EEG to explore local and global cortical excitability modulation during and after active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

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    Volume conduction represents the passive spread of electric fields from a particular generator through the surrounding biological tissue (e.g., brain, dura matter, CSF, skull, skin) (Holsheimer and Feenstra, 1977; van den Broek et al., 1998). Ultimately, these fields may be detected across several scalp electrodes, limiting one's ability to fully disentangle whether the recorded signals represent activity from independent underlying brain regions, or activity originating from a single source (Bailey et al., 2016; Michel et al., 2004). Our inclusion of source estimation analyses, however, although limited to use with a generic head template rather than individual MRIs, provides some additional insight into the cortical activity occurring at the time of the P60 TEP.

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