Towards reliable spike-train recordings from thousands of neurons with multielectrodes
Graphical abstract
Highlights
► New silicon multielectrodes may reliably record spikes from thousands of neurons. ► Validated and automated spike-sorting methods needed to fulfill potential. ► Realistic ground-truth data required both for algorithm development and validation.
Introduction
The electrical recording of spikes — the extracellular signatures of neuronal action potentials — is among the oldest [1] and most commonly used recording techniques in neuroscience. Accurate and reliable recording of the sequence of spikes from individual neurons is crucial as such spike trains appear to be the main carrier of information in mammalian neural systems. Despite its importance, the problem of reliably deciphering the recorded signal from an electrode in terms of spike contributions from the various neurons located in its vicinity is still largely unresolved. This spike-sorting problem is akin to the well-known ‘cocktail-party problem’ of tuning into one of the conversations at a busy party [2], and the development of automatic computerized spike-sorting methods has been an active research topic for several decades [3, 4, 5]. However, spike sorting is still an art as much as a science, and in most neuroscience labs spike sorting still involves a large manual component. This is not only very labor intensive, the sorting will by its nature be idiosyncratic, and the estimated spike trains will depend on who is doing the analysis [6, 7].
The new generation of silicon-based multielectrodes [8, 9] with hundreds or more electrode contacts [10, 11•, 12•] offers exciting opportunities for dramatically increasing the yield and allowing for simultaneous spike-train recordings from thousands of neurons. However, this potential can only be realized if these advances in electrode hardware are accompanied by the development of validated automatic methods for spike-train extraction and quality estimation. Such algorithms would ideally operate in real-time to allow for continuous monitoring of recordings and use in closed-loop therapeutic [13] and brain–machine interface applications [14].
As illustrated in Figure 1, spike-train estimation from raw potential traces involves many steps. In addition to the obvious prerequisite of suitable recording electrodes and measurement electronics, all these must be performed adequately for successful spike-train estimation. In this short review, some key challenges in this processing chain will be discussed. We argue that the design and use of detailed mock experiments in a computer-model setting will be crucial for the development and validation of the necessary signal-analysis methods at each processing step. In such models the ground-truth, that is, the true underlying spike trains, will be known so that the estimation error can be readily assessed. The forward modeling of realistic extracellular signatures of spikes is an essential part of this. This was a central question discussed at the recent workshop ‘Validation of Automatic Spike-Sorting Methods’ held in Ski, Norway in May 2011 (see www.g-node.org/spike) and will also be a key point addressed in this review.
Section snippets
Challenges of automatic spike sorting
Spike sorting is an umbrella term lumping together the several stages involved in extracting single-neuron spike trains from raw extracellular recordings [5]. This is illustrated in Figure 1 and described in more detail in its caption for a recording with a ‘tetrode’, a commonly used multielectrode with four closely spaced electrode contacts [15, 16]. The analysis steps of the recorded potential traces can be organized as follows: (1) preprocessing of raw data (b → c in Figure 1), (2) spike
Validation of automatic spike-sorting algorithms
Spike-sorting methods should ideally provide not only a best estimation of spike trains, but also a measure of the sorting reliability. A thorough recent review of methods that can be used in the absence of ground-truth data can be found in [30••], and some easily implemented tests are illustrated in Figure 2. A thorough evaluation of spike-sorting algorithms is difficult to do, however, without proper ground-truth test data, that is, spike-sorting data for which the true underlying spike
Outlook
Methods for spike sorting of arrays of tetrodes are well developed and, if not optimal and validated, good enough to be used routinely to record from up to ∼200 neurons simultaneously in vivo. The new generation of high-density MEAs presents the potential to record from thousands of neurons in vivo, but new algorithms must be developed to spike-sort this data. The problem of developing optimal and validated methods for extraction of spike trains from this data, is not only difficult but also
References and recommended reading
Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as:
• of special interest
•• of outstanding interest
Acknowledgements
Useful discussions with the participants at the workshop on ‘Validation of Automatic Spike-Sorting Methods’ at Ski, Norway in May 2011 and ‘Challenges in Extracellular Electrophysiology Data Analysis’ at Janelia Farm, USA in May 2010 (arranged by Gyuri Buzsaki and Dima Rimberg) are gratefully acknowledged. Work was supported by the Research Council of Norway (NevroNor, eScience, NOTUR) and the International Neuroscience Coordinating Facility (INCF).
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