Age-related changes of evoked potentials

doi:10.1016/S0987-7053(01)00248-9

Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology

Volume 31, Issue 2, April 2001, Pages 83-103

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0987-7053(01)00248-9 Get rights and content

Abstract

The aim of this review is to analyse the current state of our knowledge on evoked potentials (EPs) in ageing and to report some conclusions on the relation between EPs and elder age. Evoked potentials provide a measure of the function of sensory systems that change during the different stages of life. Each sensory system has its own time of maturation. The individuation of the exact period of life when brain ageing starts is difficult to define. Normally, the amplitude of EPs decreases, and their latency increases from adult to elder life. Many authors speculate that these modifications might depend on neuronal loss, changes in cell membrane, composition or senile plaques present in older patients, but there is no evidence that these changes might modify the cerebral function in healthy aged individuals. This review emphasises some incongruities present in different studies confirmed by daily neurophysiologic practice. Different techniques as event-related desynchronization (ERD), contingent negative variation (CNV) and Bereitschaftspotential, are available to study central neuronal changes in normal and pathologic ageing.

Résumé

Dans cet article de synthèse nous passons en revue et analysons l'état actuel des connaissances concernant les rapports entre les potentiels évoqués (PE) et les phénomènes de maturation et de vieillissement. Les PE nous donnent une mesure de la fonction des systèmes sensoriels qui change au cours des différentes étapes de la vie. Chaque système sensoriel a sa propre dynamique de maturation, et la détermination du moment précis où le vieillissement commence est difficile (impossible?) à définir. En général, l'amplitude des PE diminue, et leur latence augmente entre l'âge adulte et la vieillesse. Un bon nombre d'auteurs considèrent que ces modifications obéissent à une perte neuronale, à des modifications dans la composition des membranes cellulaires ou à la présence de plaques séniles. Cependant, il n'y a pas jusqu'à présent d'arguments convaincants démontrant que les altérations structurales sus-citées modifient les fonctions cérébrales chez les sujets âgés en bonne santé. Cette revue met l'emphase sur un nombre d'incongruités présentes dans différentes études, et confirmées par la pratique quotidienne de la neurophysiologie clinique. Nous insisterons également sur la possibilité d'utilisation de techniques non conventionnelles (variation contingente négative 〚VCN〛, potentiels de préparation motrice et désynchronisation liée à l'évènement) pour détecter des modifications des fonctions neuronales centrales liées à l'âge.

Section snippets

Ageing changes in visual responses: VEPs, PRVEPs, PERGs, FVEPs, FERGs

Despite anatomical studies in humans and monkeys suggesting that ageing has only minor effects on the retino-geniculo-striate pathway and retinal photoreceptor, and showing that retinal ganglion, geniculate nucleus and striate cortex cells loss during ageing is relative modest 〚15〛, visual abilities clearly decline during normal, non-pathological ageing 〚203〛. Gradual decrements are observed for visual acuity and spatial contrast sensitivity, especially under low luminance levels, for

PERG studies

A useful means to differentiate optic nerve and retrochiasmatic pathologies from those retinal in elderly persons, to record electrical retinal activity by pattern electroretinography (PERG) 〚244〛.

The normal PERG consists of a positive component at 52 ms (P50) followed by a longer negative component at 90–95 ms (N95) 〚25〛. Schuurmans 〚192〛 suggested that the main positive component is probably luminance-related and that the late negative component is a contrast response. There is no complete

Ageing changes of brainstem acoustic evoked potentials (BAEPs) and middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs)

The schematic representation of BAEP component origin held during the 70–80s 227, 228, 229 has been convincingly confuted by Møller 120, 121, 122. Components I to V are commonly used for clinical evaluation, reflect activity in progressively more rostral levels of the auditory pathway, although the sequence of potentials is not generated by strictly or simply serial pathways.

The peak latency of wave I provides an estimate of age-related changes in the ear and in the distal portion of the

MLAEPs

Middle-latency auditory evoked potentials appear between 12 and 50 ms after acoustic stimulus. The main components of MLAEPs are Na, Pa, Nb, Pb, Nc. The waves studied most often are Na and Pa, occurring at 15–20 ms and 25–30 ms, respectively. The Na wave has been considered to originate from mesencephalic structures 〚117〛, while Pa seems to originate in part from both the auditory cortex 〚82〛 and subcortical structures 〚233〛.

The main clinical applications of MLAEPs are hearing threshold

Ageing changes of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)

Ageing has an important effect on the conduction velocity of peripheral nerves: both motor and sensory conduction velocities decrease with senescence, while F-wave latencies increase 61, 91, 110, 190.

Several studies have provided normative data for different ages 34, 35, 36, 137, 193, 209, 222. Obviously these changes of peripheral nerve are reflected in latency changes of peak latency of SEPs 34, 35.

Also, height has an important effect on SEP latency because it increases the length of the

Ageing changes of event-related potentials (ERPs)

A particularly successful application of electrophysiological techniques to the study of ageing has employed event-related potentials (ERPs): ERPs are not as strictly dependent on the physical characteristics of stimuli as the sensory EPs so far described (usually known as stimulus-related potentials), but rather depend on the psychological reaction of the subject to a task-related stimulus requiring attentional, memory or discriminatory performances.

ERPs consist of a) amplitude modulation of

Contingent negative variation (CNV) and bereitschaftspotential (BP) or readiness potential

Voluntary movements can be classified into two categories depending on their mode of initiation, i.e., whether they are initiated internally or triggered or paced by external stimuli. The central neuronal mechanisms involved in those preparations and executions can be reflected by Bereitschaftspotential (BP) and contingent negative variation (CNV), respectively.

CNV 230, 231 is a wide and prolonged negative potential recorded during simple warned reaction time paradigms from central and parietal

40 Hz event-related potentials

Galambos 〚60〛 described the 40 Hz ERP as a steady-state response following a repetitive auditory stimulation, which becomes sinusoidal in form and maximal in amplitude at rates between 35–45 Hz. The study of 40 Hz ERPs, or of “high frequency” cortical response has gained the interest of many researchers because new theories on consciousness suggest that the synchronization between different cortical areas leading to “consciousness” is reflected by activities in this frequency range 32, 111, 112

Event-related desynchronization (ERD)

Alpha amplitude attenuation, for the first time described by Berger in 1930 〚13〛 as blocking of rhythmic components or desynchronization, is one of the basic phenomena in electroencephalography and, when related to an external or internal event, is also called event-related desynchronization (ERD) 159, 160. ERDs has been studied in relation with visual and auditory activation 159, 160, endogenous events, voluntary movement 33, 160, speech paradigms 〚162〛, and semantic tasks 〚93〛. ERDs have been

Conclusion

Accumulation of lipofuscine, neuronal shrinkage, neuronal loss, decrement of dendritic sprouting, appearance of senile plaques and amilaceous bodies, changes in cell membrane lipid composition, and myelin alterations are all described in senescent brain 53, 74, 83, 231.

There is not, however, any convincing evidence that these changes might modify the brain functions of healthy aged individuals, and it might be concluded along with Rogers 178, 180 that although “a plethora of anatomical and

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For decades, visual entrainment paradigms have been widely used to investigate basic visual processing in healthy individuals and those with neurological disorders. While healthy aging is known to be associated with alterations in visual processing, whether this extends to visual entrainment responses and the precise cortical regions involved is not fully understood. Such knowledge is imperative given the recent surge in interest surrounding the use of flicker stimulation and entrainment in the context of identifying and treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study, we examined visual entrainment in eighty healthy aging adults using magnetoencephalography (MEG) and a 15 Hz entrainment paradigm, while controlling for age-related cortical thinning. MEG data were imaged using a time-frequency resolved beamformer and peak voxel time series were extracted to quantify the oscillatory dynamics underlying the processing of the visual flicker stimuli. We found that, as age increased, the mean amplitude of entrainment responses decreased and the latency of these responses increased. However, there was no effect of age on the trial-to-trial consistency in phase (i.e., inter-trial phase locking) nor amplitude (i.e., coefficient of variation) of these visual responses. Importantly, we discovered that the relationship between age and response amplitude was fully mediated by the latency of visual processing. These results indicate that aging is associated with robust changes in the latency and amplitude of visual entrainment responses within regions surrounding the calcarine fissure, which should be considered in studies examining neurological disorders such as AD and other conditions associated with increased age.
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Citation Excerpt :
Both N1 and P3 are sensitive to attention effects. The neurocognitive effects of aging have been widely studied with ERPs (for reviews see, Kok, 2000; Friedman, 2008; Onofrj, Thomas, Iacono, D’Andreamatteo, & Paci, 2001; Polich, 1996), whereas to a lesser degree as regards to sleep deprivation (see, however, Corsi-Cabrera, Arce, Del Río-Portilla, Pérez-Garci, & Guevara, 1999; Lee, Kim, & Suh, 2003; Mograss, Guillem, Brazzini-Poisson, & Godbout, 2009; Qi et al., 2010; Trujillo, Kornguth, & Schnyer, 2009). So far there are no studies utilizing ERP measures to evaluate the effects and mechanisms of aging and sleep deprivation together in a driving context.
We have previously shown that aging deteriorates detection of spatial visual and auditory stimuli and prolongs reaction times measured during a virtual driving task. Sleep deprivation affected the young more than the old. Here we determined the effects of age and sleep deprivation on ERPs elicited by spatial visual and auditory stimuli during virtual driving. Participants were 22 young (18–35 years) and 19 old (65–79) healthy males. Experiments were run in normal daytime condition and after a night of sleep deprivation. Aging shortened the peak latencies of the early P1 and N1 but increased the P3 latency. Sleep deprivation slowed down and diminished the N1 peaks of the young. General right-side preference was seen in latencies. Thus, the effects of aging could be seen in decision making and working memory related processes (P3), whereas those of sleep deprivation could be found in alerting and orienting functions (N1) in the young.
Effects of aging on event-related potentials to single-cycle binaural beats and diotic amplitude modulation of a tone
2020, Brain Research
Aim of the study is to determine whether the auditory processing of temporal fine structure (TFS) is affected with normal aging, even in the presence of normal audiometric hearing and fine cognitive state; and, if it is, to see whether a comparable effect is also observed in the processing of a diotic change in sound envelope. The event-related potentials (ERPs) to binaural beats (BBs), which are the responses of the binaural mechanisms processing TFS of a sound, and the ERPs to diotic amplitude modulation (AM) stimuli, which are the responses of the monaural mechanisms processing the changes in its envelope, were recorded from thirteen young university students and ten senior but active university professors, all with normal hearing in low frequencies. To obtain directly the specific BB responses without confounding monaural frequency change-evoked responses, we used single-cycle BB stimuli with temporary sub-threshold frequency shifts. BBs of a 250-Hz tone and diotic AM of the same tone with similar perceptual salience were presented with 2-second stimulus onset asynchrony. The N1 components of the ERPs to both stimuli displayed notable age-dependent changes in their scalp topography and significant amplitude reduction and latency prolongation in the elderly. These amplitude and latency changes were at similar rates for the two stimulus types, implying that the auditory TFS and envelope processing mechanisms are proportionally affected by physiological aging. These results may serve as control data in future studies investigating the effect of aging-associated cognitive pathologies on auditory TFS processing.
Visual and visuomotor interhemispheric transfer time in older adults
2018, Neurobiology of Aging
Citation Excerpt :
This calls into question the validity of ERP IHTTs for measuring age-related decline, if aging is associated with a shortening of the contralateral peak latency. A quickening of P1 or N1 latencies has not typically been reported for older adults (Curran et al., 2001; Emmerson-Hanover et al., 1994; Hoptman et al., 1996; Onofrj et al., 2001). We therefore assume that our finding of such is a result specific to the theta band because the effect was not present for alpha band peaks.
Older adults typically experience reductions in the structural integrity of the anterior channels of the corpus callosum. Despite preserved structural integrity in central and posterior channels, many studies have reported that interhemispheric transfer, a function attributed to these regions, is detrimentally affected by aging. In this study, we use a constrained event-related potential analysis in the theta and alpha frequency bands to determine whether interhemispheric transfer is affected in older adults. The crossed-uncrossed difference and lateralized visual evoked potentials were used to assess interhemispheric transfer in young (18–27) and older adults (63–80). We observed no differences in the crossed-uncrossed difference measure between young and older groups. Older adults appeared to have elongated transfer in the theta band potentials, but this effect was driven by shortened contralateral peak latencies, rather than delayed ipsilateral latencies. In the alpha band, there was a trend toward quicker transfer in older adults. We conclude that older adults do not experience elongated interhemispheric transfer in the visuomotor or visual domains and that these functions are likely attributed to posterior sections of the corpus callosum, which are unaffected by aging.
Cortical correlates of response time slowing in older adults: ERP and ERD/ERS analyses during passive ankle movement
2016, Clinical Neurophysiology
Citation Excerpt :
Studies have shown that cerebral aging is associated with a more complex and diffuse cortical activation during sensorimotor tasks. Larger activation of M1, prefrontal, premotor and supplementary motor areas are observed in older adults (Derambure et al., 1993; Sailer et al., 2000; Mattay et al., 2002; Ward and Frackowiak, 2003) and supposed to be an adaptive strategy to keep the performance of a motor task closer to the levels achieved by young adults (Derambure et al., 1993; Sailer et al., 2000; Ward and Frackowiak, 2003), as a way to compensate for structural and neurochemical changes (Onofrj et al., 2001; Mattay et al., 2002). This assumption could explain why ERD differences between age groups were observed only for the VR condition, demonstrating that adding a cognitive motor task to a proprioceptive assessment impairs the speed of sensorimotor information processing and increases the cognitive effort in older adults, in an attempt to properly perform the task.
The response time (RT) to kinesthetic perception has been used as a proprioceptive measurement, for example, in older individuals. However, the RT cannot provide information on impairments at specific stages of the respective sensorimotor processing. In the present study, electroencephalographic (EEG) signals were recorded during passive ankle movement with and without an associated perceptual task of movement detection. The main purpose was to analyze differences between young and older adults both in terms of RT and cortical responses. Putative differences in the latter were expected to point to changes in the processing associated with neural pathways or cortical regions in the older subjects.
The EEG activity of nineteen older (OA, 65–76 years) and 19 young adults (YA, 21–32 years) was recorded during passive ankle movement, without motor voluntary response (NVR, sensory condition), and during a condition with voluntary motor response (VR, with measurement of the RT). Event-related potentials (ERP) and beta event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) were recorded and analyzed in both experimental conditions.
The RT in OA was larger than in YA (P < 0.0001). EEG analyses showed that the N1 amplitude was larger in the VR than in the NVR condition (P = 0.006), whereas no difference for latency was obtained between conditions (P = 0.376). Comparisons between the groups revealed attenuated (P = 0.019) and delayed (P = 0.001) N1 in the OA group, irrespective of the condition (no interaction group vs condition). Only OA showed correlations between RT and N1, with significant correlation for both amplitude (r = −0.603, P = 0.006) and latency (r = 0.703, P = 0.001). The ERD/ERS analyses revealed a task-dependent group effect: in NVR, significant differences were obtained only for the ERS amplitude, which was attenuated in OA (P = 0.003). In VR, larger (P = 0.004) and delayed (P = 0.003) ERD and attenuated (P = 0.029) and delayed (P = 0.017) ERS peaks were observed in the older group.
The results suggest that a larger response time to proprioceptive stimuli in older adults is associated with a weaker and delayed proprioceptive afferent inflow to the cortex. In this scenario, older adults would need a higher cognitive effort (larger ERD) to process the sensory inputs when attempting to properly perform a sensorimotor task.
ERP and ERD/ERS measurements during kinesthetic assessment provide new insights on identification of the origin of sensorimotor slowing in older adults.
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and middle latency auditory evoked potentials in young children
2013, Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
Measurements of brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) are readily available neurophysiologic assessments. The generators for BAEP are believed to involve the structures of cochlear nerve, cochlear nucleus, superior olive complex, dorsal and rostral pons, and lateral lemniscus. The generators for MLAEP are assumed to be located in the subcortical area and auditory cortex. BAEP are commonly used in evaluating children with autistic and hearing disorders. However, measurement of MLAEP is rarely performed in young children. To explore the feasibility of this procedure in young children, we retrospectively reviewed our neurophysiology databank and charts for a 3-year period to identify subjects who had both BAEP and MLAEP performed. Subjects with known or identifiable central nervous system abnormalities from the history, neurologic examination and neuroimaging studies were excluded. This cohort of 93 children up to 3 years of age was divided into 10 groups based on the age at testing (upper limits of: 1 week; 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months; 2 years; and 3 years of age). Evolution of peak latency, interpeak latency and amplitude of waveforms in BAEP and MLAEP were demonstrated. We concluded that measurement of BAEP and MLAEP is feasible in children, as early as the first few months of life. The combination of both MLAEP and BAEP may increase the diagnostic sensitivity of neurophysiologic assessment of the integrity or functional status of both the peripheral (acoustic nerve) and the central (brainstem, subcortical and cortical) auditory conduction systems in young children with developmental speech and language disorders.

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ReviewAge-related changes of evoked potentialsLes changements des potentiels évoqués en fonction de l’âge.

Abstract

Résumé

Section snippets

Ageing changes in visual responses: VEPs, PRVEPs, PERGs, FVEPs, FERGs

PERG studies

Ageing changes of brainstem acoustic evoked potentials (BAEPs) and middle-latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs)

MLAEPs

Ageing changes of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs)

Ageing changes of event-related potentials (ERPs)

Contingent negative variation (CNV) and bereitschaftspotential (BP) or readiness potential

40 Hz event-related potentials

Event-related desynchronization (ERD)

Conclusion

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Neurophysiol Clin

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysliol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Neurophysiol Clin

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Neurobiol Aging

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Neurophysiol Clin

Vis Res

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Neurosci Let

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Brain Res Cogn Brain Res

Int J Psychophysiol

Neurobiol Aging

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol

Motor and sensory evoked potentials in progressive supranuclear palsy

Mov Disord

Development and aging changes in humans evoked potentials

Monocularly and binocularly evoked responses to patterned HF stimulation

J Neurol Sci

Visual evoked responses in the diagnosis and managment of patients suspected of multiple sclerosis

Brain

Age-impaired impulse flow from nucleus basalis cortex

Nature

The effects of age on human P3 latency

Acta Otolaringol Stockh

A paradox in the lateralization of the visual evoked response

Nature

Age-related changes in mental processing revealed by analysis of event-related brain potentials

Aber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen, II

J Psychol Neurol

The pattern evoked potential in lesions of the posterior visual pathways

Ann NY Acad Sci

Visual field defects and pathological alterations in topography: factors complicating the estimation of visual evoked response “delay” in multiple sclerosis

Ageing differentially delays visual evoked potentials to checks and gratings

Clin Vis Sci

Measurements of visual evoked potentials in Parkinson's Disease

Brain

Frontal and parietal premovement slow brain potentials in Parkinson's disease and aging

Mov Disord

Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia

Science

Review
Age-related changes of evoked potentialsLes changements des potentiels évoqués en fonction de l’âge.