Hearing loss following exposure during development to polychlorinated biphenyls: A cochlear site of action☆
Introduction
Polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons are a chemical class that includes dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These chemicals are a pervasive and persistent environmental problem. Due to their historically widespread use, improper disposal, and chemical characteristics, PCBs are among the most widely detected organic contaminants in environmental and biological samples (for review, see Safe, 1994). PCBs have been shown to affect a number of organ systems in mature and developing animals (for review, see WHO, 1993), and there is particular interest in the effects of PCBs on endocrine function (e.g. Colborn et al., 1993). The thyroid axis appears to be particularly vulnerable to disruption by PCBs (Meserve et al., 1992, Ness et al., 1993, Morse et al., 1993, Morse et al., 1996, Goldey et al., 1995a, Seo et al., 1995, Darnerud et al., 1996, Corey et al., 1996) and PCB metabolites (Sinjari, 1997). Related environmental contaminants, such as dioxin, hexachlorobenzene, polybrominated biphenyls, and chlorinated diphenyl ethers, also cause a reduction in circulating thyroxine (T4) concentrations following developmental exposure (Collins and Capen, 1980, Meserve et al., 1992, Seo et al., 1995, Goldey et al., 1995a, Rosiak et al., 1997, Zhou et al., 1999). Interestingly, exposure to these compounds during development results mainly in hypothyroxenemia, a decrease in T4 with no concomitant increase in TSH (cf. Goldey et al., 1995a). This is quite different from the classic hypothyroidism characterized by decreased thyroid hormones and subsequent activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary feedback loop with increased release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary (Sarne and Refetoff, 1995). In addition, studies of mothers and their offspring demonstrate that humans are also sensitive to changes in thyroid hormone homeostasis caused by PCBs and dioxins (Koopman-Esseboom et al., 1994, Pluim et al., 1993, Ilsen et al., 1996, Nagayama et al., 1997, Fiolet et al., 1997).
We previously reported that perinatal exposure of pregnant rats to a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1254 (A1254) results in a low-frequency hearing loss in adult offspring (Goldey et al., 1995a, Herr et al., 1996). We have hypothesized that this ototoxicity results from A1254-induced hypothyroxenemia during a critical period of auditory development. Evidence for this hypothesis includes: a correlation between the severity of functional auditory impairment and the degree of thyroid hormone depletion (Goldey et al., 1995b), and amelioration of the hearing loss following postnatal thyroxine replacement (Goldey and Crofton, 1998).
Developmental exposure of rats to A1254 will also increase the latency and amplitude of the early peaks of the brainstem-auditory evoked potential (BAER) for low-frequency stimuli (Herr et al., 1996). The previous research demonstrating a moderate (i.e. 25–30 dB) auditory impairment (Goldey et al., 1995a, Goldey and Crofton, 1998), coupled with the decreased amplitude in the early BAER peaks (Herr et al., 1996) led to the hypothesis that the PCB-induced hypothyroxinemia could result in a loss of outer hair cells in the low-frequency region of the cochlea. The current research tested this hypothesis by using behavioral thresholds to confirm the auditory impairment in adult offspring of dams exposed during gestation and lactation, followed by a light microscopic histological survey of the cochlea.
Section snippets
Animals
Forty primiparous Long–Evans rats arrived from Charles River (Raleigh, NC) on gestation day (GD) 2 (the day of insemination was GD 0). Rats were housed individually, in standard plastic hanging cages (45 ×24×20 cm) with sterilized pine shavings as bedding, in an AAALAC-approved animal facility. All experiments were approved in advance by the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory Animal Care Committee of the US Environmental Protection Agency. Animal rooms were maintained
Results
Auditory threshold data demonstrate a low-frequency auditory impairment in the A1254-exposed group compared to controls (Fig. 1). The magnitude of effect of A1254 on low-frequency hearing was independent of gender (data not shown). The group mean threshold for 1 kHz in the A1254 group was approximately 26 dB higher than the control mean. There were no significant treatment related effects on thresholds for any of the higher frequencies (Fig. 1). These findings were supported by an overall
Discussion
The present work demonstrates that developmental exposure to a commercial PCB mixture results in loss of hair cells in the upper turns of the cochlea. These findings are the first to clearly demonstrate an effect of developmental PCB exposure on the structure of the nervous system. Furthermore, the structural damage correlates well with a functional deficit. The current study also replicated previous work demonstrating loss of low-frequency hearing produced by A1254 exposure (Goldey et al.,
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Keith Tarpley for assistance with the graphics and photomicrographs.
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