Research paperState-dependent activity of neurons in the perifornical hypothalamic area during sleep and waking
Section snippets
Experimental procedures
The present study was carried out under the control of the Animal Research Committee in accordance with the Guidelines on Animal Experiments of Fukushima Medical University and the Animal Protection and Management Law of the Japanese Government (No. 105). All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used.
Classification of neurons by their behavior
Activity during whole sleep–waking cycles (consisting of W, SWS, and PS) was recorded from 70 neurons. Fig. 1 is an example of recording sites which were marked by Pontamine Sky Blue and were confirmed to be located in a field of orexin-immunoreactive neurons. As shown in Fig. 2, the neurons were divided into five groups according to their firing rates during sleep–waking cycles. P-type neurons (Fig. 2A) were most active during PS and the firing rate during W was lower than or about the same
Discussion
A number of lesion and stimulation studies have revealed that the LHA, including the ZI, is involved in regulation of feeding Oomura et al., 1967, Walsh and Grossman, 1975, McDermott and Grossman, 1979, Rolls, 1984, drinking Mogenson and Stevenson, 1967, Clark et al., 1991, and locomotion Sinnamon and Stopford, 1987, Lammers et al., 1988. There are a large number of lesion or stimulation studies suggesting the role of the LHA in maintaining waking state or arousal Kolb et al., 1979, Stock et
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (12680797) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The authors thank N. Anzai for her technical assistance.
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