Trends in Neurosciences
ReviewLong-term plasticity at GABAergic and glycinergic synapses: mechanisms and functional significance
Section snippets
GABAergic and glycinergic synapses undergo long-term plasticity
In the past decade, LTP and LTD of inhibitory synapses have been reported to occur in several regions of the brain, including the hippocampus 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11., 12., cortex 13., 14., 15., 16., cerebellum 17., 18., 19., deep cerebellar nucleus 20., 21., 22., lateral superior olive 23., 24. and brain stem 25., 26. (Table 1). LTP of glycinergic synapses that impinge on the Mauthner cells has also been reported to occur in goldfish 27., 28., 29.. Long-term plasticity has been observed on
Long-term plasticity and behavioural repercussion
Because GABAergic interneurons are involved in the induction and maintenance of behaviourally relevant network oscillations in the adult brain 4., 39., one can speculate that long-term plasticity will alter the generation of such rhythms and lead to behavioural modifications. At present, there is no direct evidence in favour of this hypothesis. However, a recent study carried out in the locust olfactory system has shown that synaptic inhibition can change over the course of repeated odour
Conclusion
For a long time, inhibitory synapses have been considered to be important in setting the threshold for synaptic changes at excitatory synapses. The data reviewed here indicate that inhibitory synapses themselves undergo long-term plasticity in different regions of the brain. Not surprisingly, several different mechanisms have been reported to contribute to the induction and persistence of these types of synapse. But, in common with plasticity at excitatory synapses, all forms of plasticity at
Acknowledgements
We thank J. Epsztein and C. Bernard for comments on the manuscript.
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