Psychosocial Stress and Urinary Cortisol Excretion in Marmoset Monkeys
Section snippets
Subjects
Subjects were seven male and nine female Wied's black tufted-ear marmosets aged 1.2 to 10.2 years, housed in social groups at the University of Nebraska at Omaha Callitrichid Research Facility (see Table 1). Marmosets were housed in either family groups or breeding pairs or trios that had been established for at least six months. Six of the females used in the study were breeding females in the first or second trimester of pregnancy. The remaining three females were the eldest daughter in the
Urine Samples
We attempted to collect 12 samples (i.e. hourly samples 0700–1800 h) from each animal under each condition. For each condition, the following percent of the possible samples were collected: Control = 79%, SC = 91%, SC + H = 90%.
Circadian Pattern
All subjects exhibited a circadian pattern of hormone excretion under stress-free conditions (see Fig. 1). Analysis of the data by ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time and sex on the diurnal pattern of cortisol excretion (Time, F(9,84) = 3.29, p < 0.01; sex, F
Discussion
The study has established that urinary cortisol can be used as a valid indicator of stress in marmosets. The circadian variation evident in plasma cortisol was also reflected in urinary cortisol values (e.g., 7, 49, 64). In addition, the adrenocortical response to SC+H, a relatively major stressor for animals in our colony, was discerned by elevations in urinary cortisol within a couple of hours of the stressor. Cortisol concentrations rose more rapidly, and remained elevated for significantly
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr. A. Pissinatti and A. Coimbra-Filho from the Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro for their help in establishing the colony of Callithrix kuhli at UNO. We also thank Denise Hightower-Merritt and Danny Revers for their care and management of the animals. Reagents for the cortisol EIA were provided by Bill Lasley and Coralie Munro of the University of California, Davis, and the latter provided assistance in establishing the assay in our laboratory. The authors are
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