Behavioral and neurochemical effects of neurotensin microinjection into the ventral tegmental area of the rat
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2018, NeuropeptidesCitation Excerpt :Intriguingly, many of these behavioral effects are specific to the VTA because Nts administration outside of the VTA elicits different effects. For example, while Nts injection in the VTA increases locomotor activity and DA release, intra-NA or central Nts decreases locomotor activity and does not alter DA release (Elliott et al., 1986; Kalivas et al., 1983, 1984; Meisenberg and Simmons, 1985; Vadnie et al., 2014; van Wimersma Greidanus et al., 1984). Similarly, intra-VTA Nts does not alter acute locomotor response to psychostimulants (Elliott and Nemeroff, 1986), whereas ICV or intra-NA Nts reduces psychostimulant or DA-induced hyperactivity (Ervin et al., 1981; Jolicoeur et al., 1985; Nemeroff et al., 1983; Sarhan et al., 1997; Skoog et al., 1986).
Substance P and neurotensin in the limbic system: Their roles in reinforcement and memory consolidation
2018, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral ReviewsCitation Excerpt :The summary of central effects of NT can be seen in Table 2. NT microinjection into the VTA causes hyperactivity, i.e. increases locomotion, rearing and sniffing, additionally, it decreases sleep and resting (Kalivas et al., 1983; Kalivas et al., 1981). NT by itself does not influence the general activity in the NAC (Kalivas et al., 1983) and in the VP (Ollmann et al., 2015b; Torregrossa and Kalivas, 2008), however, it shows a tendency to increase cocaine-induced locomotion (Torregrossa and Kalivas, 2008).