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2023, Addiction NeuroscienceProgesterone increased β-endorphin innervation of the locus coeruleus, but ovarian steroids had no effect on noradrenergic neurodegeneration
2017, Brain ResearchCitation Excerpt :The endogenous opioid peptides, specially β-endorphin, control gonadal hormones secretion by inhibiting the GnRH release (Ferin and Vande, 1984). It has been shown in monkeys that castration decreases β-endorphin secretion in the portal blood, and the replacement of estradiol and progesterone reverts this, further indicating that ovarian hormones modulate the activity of hypothalamic β-endorphin neurons (Wardlaw et al., 1982a; Wehrenberg et al., 1982). It is attractive to speculate that the arcuate β-endorphin neurons also send projections to the LC.
Gender-dependent effect on nociceptive response induced by chronic variable stress
2014, Physiology and BehaviorCitation Excerpt :For example, gonadal hormones influence pain sensitivity, with higher pain threshold and tolerance levels during the follicular phase, when the levels of estrogen are higher. Evidence indicates that estrogen is involved in the regulation of analgesia and nociception [13,14] and appears to stimulate the release of brain endorphins [15]. The interaction between female gonadal hormones and the opioid system might also contribute to men and women’s differential sensitivity to the analgesic effects of opioids [16].
Hormonal, neural, and genomic mechanisms for female reproductive behaviors, motivation, and arousal
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