Brief reportTwenty-four hour urinary cortisol and catecholamine excretion in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder☆,☆☆
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Resilience or susceptibility to traumatic stress: Potential influence of the microbiome
2022, Neurobiology of StressStress, the brain, and trauma spectrum disorders
2020, International Review of NeurobiologyCitation Excerpt :Symptoms irritability, increased startle, hyperarousal and sleep disturbance, all indicate excessive sympathetic and noradrenergic function (Bremner et al., 1996b). Consistent with this, baseline concentrations of norepinephrine and its metabolites in urine and plasma in PTSD were found to be increased (De Bellis et al., 1999; De Bellis, Lefter, Trickett, & Putnam, 1994; Lemieux & Coe, 1995; Mason, Giller, & Kosten, 1988; Yehuda, Siever, & Teicher, 1998) or unchanged (Blanchard, Kolb, Prins, Gates, & McCoy, 1991; McFall, Veith, & Murburg, 1992; Mellman, Kumar, Kulick-Bell, Kumar, & Nolan, 1995; Pitman & Orr, 1990; Southwick et al., 1993) and increased in CSF (Geracioti et al., 2001). Increased sympathetic reactivity based on heart rate, blood pressure, and skin conductance (Blanchard, Kolb, Gerardi, Ryan, & Pallmeyer, 1986; Blanchard, Kolb, Pallmeyer, & Gerardi, 1982; Bremner et al., 1996b; Malloy, Fairbank, & Keane, 1983; McFall, Murburg, Ko, & Veith, 1990; Orr et al., 1998; Orr, Lasko, Shalev, & Pitman, 1995; Orr, Pitman, Lasko, & Herz, 1993; Orr & Roth, 2000), as well as increased norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma (Blanchard et al., 1991; McFall et al., 1992), was seen in PTSD patients exposed to traumatic reminders in the form of combat slides and sounds or personalized trauma scripts, while administration of the alpha2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, yohimbine, which increases firing of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, increased PTSD symptoms and anxiety, as well plasma concentrations of the norepinephrine metabolite, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) (Southwick et al., 1997, 1993).
Affective startle modulation and psychopathology: Implications for appetitive and defensive brain systems
2019, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
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Supported by a Merit Review and Research Career Development Award (R.K.P.) from the Veterans Administration.
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This work was performed by employees of the United States Government during the course of official duties and is therefore in the public domain.
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The authors thank Joseph Schildkraut, M.D. for helpful comments, Ann Repak for technical assistance, and our subjects for their participation.