A soluble protein characteristic of the nervous system☆
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Cited by (1364)
S100 proteins in mammary gland regulation and their role in breast cancer metastasis
2023, Advances in Cancer Biology - MetastasisS100 proteins have emerged as key regulators in the mammary gland and have been implicated in breast cancer development and metastasis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles of S100 proteins in mammary gland regulation and their impact on breast cancer progression. The mammary gland, a complex organ involved in lactation and tissue homeostasis, undergoes dynamic changes during different physiological stages. S100 proteins play crucial roles in mammary gland development, differentiation, and function, participating in cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. However, dysregulation of S100 proteins can contribute to breast cancer initiation and metastasis. These proteins are involved in angiogenesis, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, promoting aggressive behavior in breast cancer cells. Understanding the intricate mechanisms by which S100 proteins exert their effects in the mammary gland and breast cancer is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and identification of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Further research in this field will provide valuable insights and potential advancements in breast cancer management. This review highlights the significance of unraveling the role of S100 proteins in mammary gland regulation and their impact on breast cancer metastasis.
S100A8 and S100A9 in Cancer
2023, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Reviews on CancerS100A8 and S100A9 are Ca2+ binding proteins that belong to the S100 family. Primarily expressed in neutrophils and monocytes, S100A8 and S100A9 play critical roles in modulating various inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases. Forming a common heterodimer structure S100A8/A9, S100A8 and S100A9 are widely reported to participate in multiple signaling pathways in tumor cells. Meanwhile, S100A8/A9, S100A8, and S100A9, mainly as promoters, contribute to tumor development, growth and metastasis by interfering with tumor metabolism and the microenvironment. In recent years, the potential of S100A8/A9, S100A9, and S100A8 as tumor diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers has also been demonstrated. In addition, an increasing number of potential therapies targeting S100A8/A9 and related signaling pathways have emerged. In this review, we will first expound on the characteristics of S100A8/A9, S100A9, and S100A8 in-depth, focus on their interactions with tumor cells and microenvironments, and then discuss their clinical applications as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We also highlight current limitations and look into the future of S100A8/A9 targeted anti-cancer therapy.
Serum inflammatory and brain injury biomarkers in COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care unit: A pilot study
2022, eNeurologicalSciThe aim of this study was to measure serum brain injury biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), without evidence of brain impairment, and to determine potential correlations with systemic inflammatory markers, illness severity, and outcome.
In patients admitted to the ICU with COVID-19, without clinical evidence of brain injury, blood S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured on admission. Clinical, routine laboratory data and illness severity were recorded. Comparisons between 28-day survivors and non-survivors and correlations of neurological biomarkers to other laboratory data and illness severity, were analyzed.
We included 50 patients, median age 64 [IQR 58–78] years, 39 (78%) males, 39 (78%) mechanically ventilated and 11 (22%) under high flow nasal oxygen treatment. S100B and NSE were increased in 19 (38%) and 45 (90%) patients, respectively. S100B was significantly elevated in non-survivors compared to survivors: 0.15 [0.10–0.29] versus 0.11 [0.07–0.17] μg/L, respectively, (p = 0.03), and significantly correlated with age, IL-6, arterial lactate, noradrenaline dose, illness severity and lymphocyte count. IL-6 was significantly correlated with C-reactive protein, noradrenaline dose and organ failure severity. NSE was correlated only with lactate dehydrogenase.
Brain injury biomarkers were frequently elevated in COVID-19 ICU patients, in the absence of clinical evidence of brain injury. S100B was significantly correlated with IL-6, low lymphocyte count, hypoperfusion indices, illness severity, and short-term outcome. These findings indicate a possible brain astrocytes and neurons involvement, also suggesting a broader role of S100B in systemic inflammatory response.
S100 proteins bind Ca2+ and regulate various signaling pathways inside and outside the cell. They are expressed in vertebrates and exhibit tissue and cell specific distribution. Of note, increased level of S100 proteins is observed in different pathologies such as cancers, nervous system diseases/neurodegeneration, inflammation or cardiovascular diseases. Certain S100 proteins can be found in serum and/or other body fluids, at an especially high level in pathological states. Thus, S100 proteins might serve as diagnostic markers in the clinic. Interestingly, expression of many S100 proteins is found to be associated with pregnancy, which suggests that alterations in their expression during pregnancy may regulate processes involved in embryo/fetus formation. In this review we summarize available literature data concerning the expression and possible function of S100 proteins in a disease of pregnant women known as preeclampsia or EPH-gestosis.
Expression Profiling of S100 Proteins in Healthy and Irreversibly Inflamed Human Dental Pulps
2022, Journal of EndodonticsSeveral S100 proteins have been shown to play an important role in the innate immune response to infection and in regenerative processes. However, they have scarcely been investigated during inflammation of the dental pulp. Therefore, in this study, we performed gene expression profiling of S100 proteins in healthy and inflamed human dental pulps.
Tissue samples of human dental pulps were used, including 15 clinically diagnosed as symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP), 7 as asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis (AIP), and 19 as healthy pulp (HP). S100 gene expression levels were quantitatively evaluated for S100A1, -A2, -A3, -A4, -A6, -A7, -A8, -A9, -A10, -A11, -A13, -A14, and -A16 by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique. In order to monitor the status of inflammation and degradation of pulp tissues, IL-8, COX-2, and HMGB-1 gene expression was also analyzed with GAPDH serving as the reference gene. Differential expression rates for each target gene between SIP, AIP, and HP were evaluated by analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test.
Significantly reduced gene expression levels could be detected in SIP compared with HP for S100A1, -A2, -A3, -A4, -A6, -A10, and -A13 and for HMGB-1, whereas the gene expression of S100A8 and -A14 and IL-8 were significantly increased. In AIP, significantly increased expression levels compared with HP were only detected for S100A14 and -A16 and IL-8, with other genes of interest not being altered.
The present study revealed significant differences in gene expression profiles of S100 proteins comparing samples from healthy and inflamed dental pulp. More pronounced differences were observed for symptomatic than for asymptomatic pulpitis.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Blood Biomarkers in Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Ischemic Stroke: An Up-To-Date Narrative Review: Overview on TIA/minor stroke blood biomarkers
2022, Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular DiseasesEarly diagnosis and correct risk stratification in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor ischemic stroke (MIS) is crucial for the high rate of subsequent disabling stroke. Although highly improved, diagnosis and prognostication of TIA/MIS patients remain still based on clinical and neuroimaging findings, with some inter-rater variability even among trained neurologists.
To provide an up-to-date overview of diagnostic and prognostic blood biomarkers in TIA and MIS patients.
We performed a bibliographic search on PubMed database with last access on July 10th 2021. More than 680 articles were screened and we finally included only primary studies on blood biomarkers.
In a narrative fashion, we discussed about blood biomarkers investigated in TIA/MIS patients, including inflammatory, thrombosis, neuronal injury and cardiac analytes, antibodies and microRNAs. Other soluble molecules have been demonstrated to predict the risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events or treatment response in these patients. A rapid point of care assay, combining the determination of different biomarkers, has been developed to improve triage recognition of acute cerebrovascular accidents.
The implementation of blood biomarkers in the clinical management of TIA/MIS could ameliorate urgent identification, risk stratification and individual treatment choice. Large prospective and longitudinal studies, adopting standardized sampling and analytic procedures, are needed to clarify blood biomarkers kinetic and their relationship with TIA and minor stroke etiology.
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Supported by PHS research grants CA-5228, NB-05270 and MH-04591.
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Recipient of PHS Research Career Development Award 5-K3-GM-15, 543.