Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intrinsic network connectivity and own body perception in gender dysphoria

  • Original Research
  • Published:
Brain Imaging and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Gender dysphoria (GD) is characterized by incongruence between one’s identity and gender assigned at birth. The biological mechanisms of GD are unclear. We investigated brain network connectivity patterns involved in own body perception in the context of self in GD. Twenty-seven female-to-male (FtM) individuals with GD, 27 male controls, and 27 female controls underwent resting state fMRI. We compared functional connections within intrinsic connectivity networks involved in self-referential processes and own body perception –default mode network (DMN) and salience network – and visual networks, using independent components analyses. Behavioral correlates of network connectivity were also tested using self-perception ratings while viewing own body images morphed to their sex assigned at birth, and to the sex of their gender identity. FtM exhibited decreased connectivity of anterior and posterior cingulate and precuneus within the DMN compared with controls. In FtM, higher “self” ratings for bodies morphed towards the sex of their gender identity were associated with greater connectivity of the anterior cingulate within the DMN, during long viewing times. In controls, higher ratings for bodies morphed towards their gender assigned at birth were associated with right insula connectivity within the salience network, during short viewing times. Within visual networks FtM showed weaker connectivity in occipital and temporal regions. Results suggest disconnectivity within networks involved in own body perception in the context of self in GD. Moreover, perception of bodies in relation to self may be reflective rather than reflexive, as a function of mesial prefrontal processes. These may represent neurobiological correlates to the subjective disconnection between perception of body and self-identification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 ( (5th ed.) ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

  • Bandini, E., Fisher, A. D., Castellini, G., Lo Sauro, C., Lelli, L., Meriggiola, M. C., et al. (2013). Gender identity disorder and eating disorders: similarities and differences in terms of body uneasiness. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(4), 1012–1023. doi:10.1111/jsm.12062.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann, C. F., & Smith, S. M. (2004). Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging. [Evaluation Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Validation Studies]. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 23(2), 137–152. doi:10.1109/TMI.2003.822821.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beckmann, C. F., DeLuca, M., Devlin, J. T., & Smith, S. M. (2005). Investigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 360(1457), 1001–1013. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1634.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Biswal, B., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1995). Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 34(4), 537–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blanke, O., Landis, T., Spinelli, L., & Seeck, M. (2004). Out-of-body experience and autoscopy of neurological origin. Brain, 127(Pt 2), 243–258. doi:10.1093/brain/awh040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, V. D., Adali, T., McGinty, V. B., Pekar, J. J., Watson, T. D., & Pearlson, G. D. (2001). fMRI activation in a visual-perception task: network of areas detected using the general linear model and independent components analysis. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. NeuroImage, 14(5), 1080–1088. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0921.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Friston, K. J. (2010). The default-mode, ego-functions and free-energy: a neurobiological account of Freudian ideas. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Review]. Brain : A Journal of Neurology, 133(Pt 4), 1265–1283. doi:10.1093/brain/awq010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (2002). Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christoff, K., Gordon, A. M., Smallwood, J., Smith, R., & Schooler, J. W. (2009). Experience sampling during fMRI reveals default network and executive system contributions to mind wandering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(21), 8719–8724. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900234106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & Pfafflin, F. (2010). The DSM diagnostic criteria for gender identity disorder in adolescents and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 499–513. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9562-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, M. W., Bassett, D. S., Power, J. D., Braver, T. S., & Petersen, S. E. (2014). Intrinsic and task-evoked network architectures of the human brain. Neuron,, 83(1), 238–251. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.05.014.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, E., Bockting, W., Botzer, M., Cohen-Kettenis, P., DeCuypere, G., Feldman, J., et al. (2012). Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7. International Journal of Transgenderism, 13(4), 165–232. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 3(8), 655–666. doi:10.1038/nrn894.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, A. L. C., Noens, I. L. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., van Berckelaer-Onnes, I. A., & Doreleijers, T. A. (2010). Autism Spectrum disorders in gender Dysphoric children and adolescents. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(8), 930–936. doi:10.1007/S10803-010-0935-9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Devinsky, O., Feldmann, E., Burrowes, K., & Bromfield, E. (1989). Autoscopic phenomena with seizures. [Case Reports Review]. Archives of Neurology, 46(10), 1080–1088.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devue, C., & Bredart, S. (2011). The neural correlates of visual self-recognition. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(1), 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devue, C., Collette, F., Balteau, E., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., et al. (2007). Here I am: the cortical correlates of visual self-recognition. Brain Research, 1143, 169–182. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.055.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, P. E., & Peelen, M. V. (2011). The role of occipitotemporal body-selective regions in person perception. Cognitive Neuroscience, 2(3–4), 186–203, doi:10.1080/17588928.2011.582945.

  • Downing, P. E., Wiggett, A. J., & Peelen, M. V. (2007). Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of overlapping lateral occipitotemporal activations using multi-voxel pattern analysis. [Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience,, 27(1), 226–233. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3619-06.2007.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feusner, J. D., Dervisic, J., Kosidou, K., Dhejne, C., Bookheimer, S., & Savic, I. (2016). Female-to-male transsexual individuals demonstrate different own body identification. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(3), 525–536. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0596-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, M. D., Snyder, A. Z., Vincent, J. L., Corbetta, M., Van Essen, D. C., & Raichle, M. E. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(27), 9673–9678. doi:10.1073/Pnas.0504136102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R. M., & Brown, D. L. (2014). Body size estimation in anorexia nervosa: a brief review of findings from 2003 through 2013. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 407–410. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.06.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillihan, S. J., & Farah, M. J. (2005). Is self special? A critical review of evidence from experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 76–97. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003a). Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(1), 253–258. doi:10.1073/Pnas.0135058100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L., & Menon, V. (2003b). Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]

  • Hahn, A., Kranz, G. S., Kublbock, M., Kaufmann, U., Ganger, S., Hummer, A., et al. (2015). Structural connectivity networks of transgender people. Cerebral Cortex, 25(10), 3527–3534. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, J. M. (2007). Regarding Scenes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(4), 219–222. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00507.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heydrich, L., Lopez, C., Seeck, M., & Blanke, O. (2011). Partial and full own-body illusions of epileptic origin in a child with right temporoparietal epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 20(3), 583–586. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.01.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodzic, A., Muckli, L., Singer, W., & Stirn, A. (2009). Cortical responses to self and others. Human Brain Mapping, 30(3), 951–962. doi:10.1002/hbm.20558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyvarinen, A. (1999). Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks / A Publication Of The Ieee Neural Networks Council, 10(3), 626–634. doi:10.1109/72.761722.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, R. E., Alexopoulos, G. S., Wang, Z., Gunning, F. M., Murphy, C. F., Morimoto, S. S., et al. (2010). Visual inspection of independent components: defining a procedure for artifact removal from fMRI data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 189(2), 233–245. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.03.028.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, D. I., Manoach, D. S., Mathalon, D. H., Turner, J. A., Mannell, M., Brown, G. G., et al. (2009). Dysregulation of working memory and default-mode networks in schizophrenia using independent component analysis, an fBIRN and MCIC study. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S.]. Human Brain Mapping, 30(11), 3795–3811. doi:10.1002/hbm.20807.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. R., Ku, J., Lee, J.-H., Lee, H., & Jung, Y.-C. (2012). Functional and effective connectivity of anterior insula in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Neuroscience Letters, 521(2), 152–157. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.075.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kranz, G. S., Hahn, A., Kaufmann, U., Kublbock, M., Hummer, A., Ganger, S., et al. (2014). White matter microstructure in transsexuals and controls investigated by diffusion tensor imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 34(46), 15466–15475. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2488-14.2014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. S., Ku, H. L., Chao, H. T., Tu, P. C., Li, C. T., Cheng, C. M., et al. (2014). Neural network of body representation differs between transsexuals and cissexuals. PloS One, 9(1), e85914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085914.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Malinen, S., Hlushchuk, Y., & Hari, R. (2007). Towards natural stimulation in fMRI--issues of data analysis. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. NeuroImage, 35(1), 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.11.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manzouri, A., Kosidou, K., & Savic, I. (2015). Anatomical and functional findings in female-to-male transsexuals: testing a new hypothesis. Cerebral Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, M. F., Norton, M. I., Van Horn, J. D., Wegner, D. M., Grafton, S. T., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). Wandering Minds: The Default Network and Stimulus-Independent Thought. Science (New York, N.Y.), 315(5810), 393–395. doi:10.1126/science.1131295.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, M. J., Jung, T. P., Makeig, S., Brown, G., Kindermann, S. S., Lee, T. W., et al. (1998). Spatially independent activity patterns in functional MRI data during the stroop color-naming task. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S.]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95(3), 803–810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Arzy, S. (2009). Searching for an integrated self-representation. Communicative & Integrative Biology, 2(4), 365–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Uddin, L. Q. (2013). Self-processing and the default mode network: interactions with the mirror neuron system. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 571. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00571.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, G. L., Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2012). Bodily illusions in health and disease: physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical ‘body matrix’. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 34–46, doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.013.

  • Northoff, G., & Panksepp, J. (2008). The trans-species concept of self and the subcortical-cortical midline system. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(7), 259–264. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2008.04.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., de Greck, M., Bermpohl, F., Dobrowolny, H., & Panksepp, J. (2006). Self-referential processing in our brain--a meta-analysis of imaging studies on the self. NeuroImage, 31(1), 440–457. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peelen, M. V., & Downing, P. E. (2007). The neural basis of visual body perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8(8), 636–648. doi:10.1038/nrn2195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Power, J. D., Barnes, K. A., Snyder, A. Z., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E. (2012). Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion. NeuroImage, 59(3), 2142–2154. doi:10.1016/J.Neuroimage.2011.10.018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., & Shulman, G. L. (2001). A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(2), 676–682. doi:10.1073/pnas.98.2.676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salomon, R., Levy, D. R., & Malach, R. (2014). Deconstructing the default: cortical subdivision of the default mode/intrinsic system during self-related processing. Human Brain Mapping, 35(4), 1491–1502. doi:10.1002/hbm.22268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savic, I. (2013). Structural changes of the brain in relation to occupational stress. Cerebral Cortex. doi:10.1093/cercor/bht348.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Savic, I., & Arver, S. (2011). Sex dimorphism of the brain in male-to-female transsexuals. Cerebral Cortex, 21(11), 2525–2533. doi:10.1093/Cercor/Bhr032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Savic, I., & Lindstrom, P. (2008). PET and MRI show differences in cerebral asymmetry and functional connectivity between homo- and heterosexual subjects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(27), 9403–9408. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801566105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., et al. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. The Journal of Neuroscience, 27(9), 2349–2356. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5587-06.2007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59 Suppl 20, 22–33;quiz 34–57.

  • Shirer, W. R., Ryali, S., Rykhlevskaia, E., Menon, V., & Greicius, M. D. (2012). Decoding subject-driven cognitive states with whole-brain connectivity patterns. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Cerebral Cortex, 22(1), 158–165. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shott, M. E., Pryor, T. L., Yang, T. T., & Frank, G. K. (2016). Greater insula white matter fiber connectivity in women recovered from anorexia nervosa. Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication Of The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 41(2), 498–507. doi:10.1038/npp.2015.172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaab, D. F. (2004). Sexual differentiation of the human brain: relevance for gender identity, transsexualism and sexual orientation. Gynecological Endocrinology, 19(6), 301–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tie, Y., Whalen, S., Suarez, R. O., & Golby, A. J. (2008). Group independent component analysis of language fMRI from word generation tasks. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. NeuroImage, 42(3), 1214–1225. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.05.028.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin, L. Q. (2015). Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 16(1), 55–61. doi:10.1038/nrn3857.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin, L. Q., Iacoboni, M., Lange, C., & Keenan, J. P. (2007). The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S. Review]. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(4), 153–157. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verosky, S. C., & Todorov, A. (2010). Differential neural responses to faces physically similar to the self as a function of their valence. NeuroImage, 49(2), 1690–1698. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vocks, S., Hechler, T., Rohrig, S., & Legenbauer, T. (2009). Effects of a physical exercise session on state body image: The influence of pre-experimental body dissatisfaction and concerns about weight and shape. [Randomized Controlled Trial]. Psychology & health, 24(6), 713–728, doi:10.1080/08870440801998988.

  • Vocks, S., Busch, M., Schulte, D., Gronermeyer, D., Herpertz, S., & Suchan, B. (2010). Effects of body image therapy on the activation of the extrastriate body area in anorexia nervosa: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Research, 183(2), 114–118. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.05.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

  • Xu, J., Potenza, M. N., & Calhoun, V. D. (2013). Spatial ICA reveals functional activity hidden from traditional fMRI GLM-based analyses. [Opinion]. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 7. doi:10.3389/fnins.2013.00154.

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are extremely grateful to Amirhossein Manzouri for assistance with experiments and data processing, and Kyriaki Kosidou for several patient referrals. We would like to also thank Wei Li for his assistance with programming the stimuli for presentation, Marius Zimmermann for some fMRI analyses, and Gerhard Hellemann for statistical consultation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, suite 2200, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA

    Jamie D. Feusner, Teena D. Moody & Susan Y. Bookheimer

  2. Department of Womens and Childrens Health and Neurology Clinic, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Q2:07 SE, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden

    Andreas Lidström & Ivanka Savic

  3. ANOVA, Center of Expertise in Andrology, Sexual Medicine, and Transgender Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital & Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, C2:84 Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden

    Cecilia Dhejne

Authors
  1. Jamie D. Feusner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andreas Lidström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Teena D. Moody
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Cecilia Dhejne
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Susan Y. Bookheimer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ivanka Savic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jamie D. Feusner.

Ethics declarations

Financial support

This work was supported by grants from the Swedish Science Council (I.S., grant number Dnr 2007–3107); Stockholm Brain Institute (I.S.); FORTE (I.S.); AFA (I.S.); and the National Institutes of Health (J.F., grant numbers K23MH079212 and R01MH093535).

Funding

This study was funded by grants from the Swedish Science Council (I.S., grant number Dnr 2007–3107); Stockholm Brain Institute (I.S.); FORTE (I.S.); AFA (I.S.); and the National Institutes of Health (J.F., grant numbers K23MH079212 and R01MH093535).

Conflict of interest

Jamie Feusner declares that he has no conflict of interest. Andreas Lidström declares that he has no conflict of interest. Teena Moody declares that she has no conflict of interest. Cecilia Dhejne declares that she has no conflict of interest. Susan Bookheimer declares that she has no conflict of interest. Ivanka Savic declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Feusner, J.D., Lidström, A., Moody, T.D. et al. Intrinsic network connectivity and own body perception in gender dysphoria. Brain Imaging and Behavior 11, 964–976 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9578-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9578-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation