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How do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) scan faces in a visual paired comparison task?

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Abstract

When novel and familiar faces are viewed simultaneously, humans and monkeys show a preference for looking at the novel face. The facial features attended to in familiar and novel faces, were determined by analyzing the visual exploration patterns, or scanpaths, of four monkeys performing a visual paired comparison task. In this task, the viewer was first familiarized with an image and then it was presented simultaneously with a novel and the familiar image. A looking preference for the novel image indicated that the viewer recognized the familiar image and hence differentiates between the familiar and the novel images. Scanpaths and relative looking preference were compared for four types of images: (1) familiar and novel objects, (2) familiar and novel monkey faces with neutral expressions, (3) familiar and novel inverted monkey faces, and (4) faces from the same monkey with different facial expressions. Looking time was significantly longer for the novel face, whether it was neutral, expressing an emotion, or inverted. Monkeys did not show a preference, or an aversion, for looking at aggressive or affiliative facial expressions. The analysis of scanpaths indicated that the eyes were the most explored facial feature in all faces. When faces expressed emotions such as a fear grimace, then monkeys scanned features of the face, which contributed to the uniqueness of the expression. Inverted facial images were scanned similarly to upright images. Precise measurement of eye movements during the visual paired comparison task, allowed a novel and more quantitative assessment of the perceptual processes involved the spontaneous visual exploration of faces and facial expressions. These studies indicate that non-human primates carry out the visual analysis of complex images such as faces in a characteristic and quantifiable manner.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Erin Mitchell for help with animal training, data collection, and image editing. Melody Haworth, GregVicino, Ji-Young Woo and Henry Alitto were members of the videotaping crew. Melody Haworth also helped with image editing. Daniel Bucher wrote programs for data analysis. This study was supported by: K01MH01902, NCRR base grant for the CRPRC, FARDF (Department of Psychiatry, UC Davis, CA), RR00169 MH/MHD5750201A1 and AG03376.

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  1. Katalin M. Gothard

    Present address: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, 329 Life Sciences North Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85724, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California Davis, 2230 Stokton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA

    Katalin M. Gothard & David G. Amaral

  2. California Regional Primate Research Center, County Rd. 98, Davis, CA 95616, USA

    Katalin M. Gothard, Cynthia A. Erickson & David G. Amaral

  3. ARL-Neural System Memory and Aging, The University of Arizona, 384 Life Sciences North Bldg., Tucson, AZ 85724 , USA

    Cynthia A. Erickson

  4. Center for Neuroscience, 1455 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95616, USA

    David G. Amaral

  5. The M.I.N.D. Institute, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA

    David G. Amaral

Authors
  1. Katalin M. Gothard
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  2. Cynthia A. Erickson
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  3. David G. Amaral
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Correspondence to Katalin M. Gothard.

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Gothard, K.M., Erickson, C.A. & Amaral, D.G. How do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) scan faces in a visual paired comparison task?. Anim Cogn 7, 25–36 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-003-0179-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-003-0179-6

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