Abstract
Rationale
Repeated exposure to psychomotor stimulants can lead to sensitization to their effects, and sensitization has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and drug abuse. These disorders are characterized by cognitive deficits, particularly in prefrontally mediated executive function.
Objective
The present experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of sensitizing regimens of amphetamine and phencyclidine (PCP) on attentional set shifting.
Methods
Rats received injections of amphetamine, PCP or saline three times per week for 5 weeks. Four weeks later, rats were trained to dig for food in one of two bowls, each bowl having an odour and a texture. Only one dimension (odour or texture) correctly predicted which bowl was baited. Rats were then tested on a series of discriminations including those requiring an intra-dimensional shift (IDS), an extra-dimensional shift (EDS) or a reversal of previously relevant and irrelevant stimuli.
Results
Rats sensitized to amphetamine performed normally on the IDS, but were impaired on the EDS, as well as on reversal discriminations. PCP-sensitized rats were unaffected on any of the discriminations. In amphetamine-sensitized rats the deficit at the EDS stage was reversed by infusion of the D1 receptor agonist SKF38393 into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).
Conclusions
Results show that the amphetamine-sensitized state impairs prefrontally mediated attentional set shifting. This is consistent with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and addiction, and with the evidence that amphetamine sensitization is accompanied by functional changes in the mPFC. These results further add to a growing literature showing that activating D1 receptors in the mPFC improves aspects of cognition.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by a special initiative grant from the Ontario Mental Health Foundation. C.T. was supported by a Research Fellowship from the OMHF. S.K. is supported by a Canadian Research Chair in Schizophrenia and Therapeutic Neuroscience.
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Fletcher, P.J., Tenn, C.C., Rizos, Z. et al. Sensitization to amphetamine, but not PCP, impairs attentional set shifting: reversal by a D1 receptor agonist injected into the medial prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology 183, 190–200 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0157-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0157-6