Abstract
Adaptation to visuomotor rotation is a particular form of motor learning distinct from force-field adaptation, sequence learning, and skill learning. Nevertheless, study of adaptation to visuomotor rotation has yielded a number of findings and principles that are likely of general importance to procedural learning and memory. First, rotation learning is implicit and appears to proceed through reduction in a visual prediction error generated by a forward model, such implicit adaptation occurs even when it is in conflict with an explicit task goal. Second, rotation learning is subject to different forms of interference: retrograde, anterograde through aftereffects, and contextual blocking of retrieval. Third, opposite rotations can be recalled within a short time interval without interference if implicit contextual cues (effector change) rather than explicit cues (color change) are used. Fourth, rotation learning consolidates both over time and with increased initial training (saturation learning).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Anderson, M.C., R.A. Bjork, and E.L. Bjork, Remembering can cause forgetting: retrieval dynamics in long-term memory. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, 1994. 20(5): 1063–87.
Brashers-Krug, T., R. Shadmehr, and E. Bizzi, Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature, 1996. 382: 252–255.
Buch, E.R., S. Young, and J.L. Contreras-Vidal, Visuomotor adaptation in normal aging. Learn Mem, 2003. 10(1): 55–63.
Caithness, G., et al., Failure to consolidate the consolidation theory of learning for sensorimotor adaptation tasks. J Neurosci, 2004. 24(40): 8662–71.
Cunningham, H.A., Aiming Error Under Transformed Spatial Mappings Suggests a Structure for Visual-Motor Maps. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1989. 15(3): 493–506.
Frensch, P.A., One concept, multiple meanings: on how to define the concept of implicit learning, in Handbook of implicit learning, M. Stadler and P.A. Frensch, Editors. 1998, SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, California 91320.
Ghez, C., et al., Spatial Representations and Internal Models of Limb Dynamics in Motor Learning, in The New Cognitive Neurosciences (2nd Edition), M. Gazzaniga, Editor. 2000, The MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 501–514.
Gordon, J., M.F. Ghilardi, and C. Ghez, Accuracy of planar reaching movements. I. Independence of direction and extent variability. Exp Brain Res, 1994. 99(1): 97–111.
Hauptmann, B., et al., The predictive value of the leveling off of within session performance for procedural memory consolidation. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 2005. 24(2): 181–9.
Hinder, M.R., et al., The interference effects of non-rotated versus counter- rotated trials in visuomotor adaptation. Exp Brain Res, 2007. 80(4): 629–40.
Imamizu, H., Y. Uno, and M. Kawato, Internal representations of the motor apparatus: implications from generalization in visuomotor learning. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 1995. 21(5): 1174–98.
Kagerer, F.A., J.L. Contreras-Vidal, and G.E. Stelmach, Adaptation to gradual as compared with sudden visuo-motor distortions. Exp Brain Res, 1997. 115(3): 557–61.
Klassen, J., C. Tong, and J.R. Flanagan, Learning and recall of incremental kinematic and dynamic sensorimotor transformations. Exp Brain Res, 2005. 164(2): 250–9.
Krakauer, J.W., C. Ghez, and M.F. Ghilardi, Adaptation to visuomotor transformations: consolidation, interference, and forgetting. J Neurosci, 2005. 25(2): 473–8.
Krakauer, J.W., M.F. Ghilardi, and C. Ghez, Independent learning of internal models for kinematic and dynamic control of reaching. Nat Neurosci, 1999. 2(11): 1026–31.
Krakauer, J.W., et al., Learning of visuomotor transformations for vectorial planning of reaching trajectories. J Neurosci, 2000. 20(23): 8916–24.
Krakauer, J.W., et al., Generalization of motor learning depends on the history of prior action. PLoS Biol Sep, 2006. 4(10): 316.
MacLeod, M.D. and C.N. Macrae, Gone but not forgotten: the transient nature of retrieval-induced forgetting. Psychol Sci, 2001. 12(2): 148–52.
Mazzoni, P. and J.W. Krakauer, An implicit plan overrides an explicit strategy during visuomotor adaptation. J Neurosci, 2006. 26(14): 3642–5.
Miall, R.C., N. Jenkinson, and K. Kulkarni, Adaptation to rotated visual feedback: a re-examination of motor interference. Exp Brain Res, 2004. 154(2): 201–10.
Reber, P.J. and L.R. Squire, Parallel brain systems for learning with and without awareness. Learn Mem, 1994. 1(4): 217–29.
Reber, P.J. and L.R. Squire, Encapsulation of implicit and explicit memory in sequence learning. J Cogn Neurosci, 1998. 10(2): 248–63.
Robertson, E.M., A. Pascual-Leone, and R.C. Miall, Current concepts in procedural consolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2004. 5(7): 576–82.
Shadmehr, R. and T. Brashers-Krug, Functional stages in the formation of human long-term motor memory. J Neurosci, 1997. 17(1): 409–419.
Smith, M.A., A. Ghazizadeh, and R. Shadmehr, Interacting Adaptive Processes with Different Timescales Underlie Short-Term Motor Learning. PLoS Biol, 2006. 4(6): e179.
Vindras, P. and P. Viviani, Frames of reference and control parameters in visuomanual pointing. Journal of experimental psychology, 1998. 24: 1–23.
Walker, M.P., et al., Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature, 2003. 425(6958): 616–20.
Wang, J. and R.L. Sainburg, Mechanisms underlying interlimb transfer of visuomotor rotations. Exp Brain Res, 2003. 149(4): 520–6.
Wigmore, V., C. Tong, and J.R. Flanagan, Visuomotor rotations of varying size and direction compete for a single internal model in motor working memory. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 2002. 28(2): 447–57.
Willingham, D.B., Becoming aware of motor skill. Trends Cogn Sci, 2001. 5(5): 181–182.
Wixted, J.T., The psychology and neuroscience of forgetting. Annu Rev Psychol, 2004. 55: 235–69.
Yin, P.B. and S. Kitazawa, Long-lasting aftereffects of prism adaptation in the monkey. Exp Brain Res, 2001. 141(2): 250–3.
Young, L.R., Models for neurovestibular adaptation. J Vestib Res, 2003. 13(4–6): 297–307.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Krakauer, J.W. (2009). Motor Learning and Consolidation: The Case of Visuomotor Rotation. In: Sternad, D. (eds) Progress in Motor Control. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 629. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77064-2_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77064-2_21
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-77063-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-77064-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)