Recognized biomarkers, symptoms, and methods for detection
| Preclinical biomarkers | Prodromal symptoms | Techniques for measuring markers or symptoms | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Autism | None identified | Decreased social engagement and eye focus (Jones and Klin, 2013) | Eye tracking (Klin et al., 2002), naturalistic observation (Baranek, 1999), structural brain scan (Hazlett et al., 2017) |
| Schizophrenia | None identified | Subclinical positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms (Goulding et al., 2013) | Clinical interview (Goulding et al., 2013), genomic analysis (Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, 2014) |
| Alzheimer’s | Low CSF Aβ1-42 with high CSF P-τ or T-τ, increased amyloid PET retention, autosomal dominant mutation (e.g., APP, PSEN1/2; Jack et al., 2011; Dubois et al., 2014, 2016) | Mild cognitive impairment | PET scan with injectable tracer, lumbar puncture, memory assessment (e.g., FCSRT; Dubois et al., 2016) |
Alzheimer’s is the only disease of those discussed with recognized preclinical markers. Adapted from Arias et al. (2018). CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, PET: positron emission tomography, FCSRT: Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, APP: amyloid protein precursor, PSEN: presenilin.