Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics
| Preoperative therapy | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient | Age at implant (years) | Gender | Disease duration at implant (years) | LEDD (mg) | DA in LEDD (mg) | Preoperative UPDRS III score | MMSE | SOGS | BIS | Y1-STAI | Y2-STAI |
| Cohort 1: GDPs | |||||||||||
| 1 | 49 | M | 8 | 1400 | 0 | 73.9 | 26.6 | 7 | 18 | 29 | 41 |
| 2 | 41 | M | 15 | 550 | 0 | 73.5 | 24.6 | 9 | 7 | 20 | 34 |
| 3 | 52 | M | 4 | 200 | 0 | 50.0 | 27.1 | 10 | 24 | 35 | 28 |
| 4 | 60 | F | 6 | 940 | 240 | 61.3 | 27.5 | 5 | 26 | 55 | 53 |
| 5 | 78 | F | 10 | 1200 | 280 | 56.2 | 30 | 7 | 19 | 46 | 35 |
| 6 | 48 | M | 10 | 900 | 0 | 71.1 | 27.6 | 15 | 22 | 48 | 36 |
| Mean (SD) | 53.0 (10.0) | 8.8 (3.8) | 865.0 (435.0) | 86.6 (134.5) | 64.3 (10.0) | 27.2 (1.7) | 8.8 (3.5) | 19.3 (6.7) | 38.8 (13.1) | 37.8 (8.5) | |
| Cohort 2: NGDPs | |||||||||||
| 1 | 67 | F | 14 | 2275 | 420 | 38.2 | 28.49 | 0 | 26 | 41 | 46 |
| 2 | 63 | F | 9 | 2575 | 70 | 62.9 | 26.27 | 0 | 22 | 22 | 38 |
| 3 | 60 | F | 14 | 1550 | 350 | 70.3 | 28.27 | 1 | 25 | 52 | 54 |
| 4 | 64 | F | 11 | 910 | 0 | 61.5 | 29.27 | 0 | 22 | 33 | 39 |
| 5 | 47 | M | 10 | 820 | 240 | 58.0 | 25.89 | 0 | 14 | 38 | 31 |
| 6 | 61 | F | 11 | 1100 | 210 | 60.7 | NA | 0 | NA | 39 | 47 |
| Mean (SD) | 60.0 (6.0) | 11.5 (2.1) | 1152.1 (691.5) | 215 (160) | 58.6 (10.8) | 27.6 (1.5) | 0.2 (0.4) | 21.8 (4.7) | 37.5 (9.8) | 42.5 (8.1) | |
| p-value | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p ≤ 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 | p > 0.05 |
BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; DA, dopamine agonist; LEED, Levodopa Equivalent daily dose; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NA, not available; SOGS, South Oaks Gambling Screen; UPDRS III, Unified Disease Rating – scale motor score; Y1–Y2 STAI, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Patients with gambling disorders (GDs) and without (NGDs) were compared with a paired t test for age and disease duration at implant, preoperative therapy, preoperative UPDRS motor score, preoperative MMSE, SOGS, BIS, and Y2 STAI, stereotactic coordinates; Fisher’s exact test for gender. Differences were considered significant if p < 0.05. Data were expressed as mean ± SD.