Table 2.

Power calculations were performed via simulation with 1000 iterations via the simr package (Green and MacLeod, 2016)

Model	Predictor	Data Structure	Type of test	Lower	Upper
a	chan[cz]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
a	chan[pz]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.966	0.985
a	index	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.854	0.896
a	freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
a	index:freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
b	chan[cz]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
b	chan[pz]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.966	0.985
b	index	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.231	0.286
b	rel.freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
b	index:rel.freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.007
c	chan[cz]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.002	0.012
c	chan[pz]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.663	0.721
c	animacy[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.009	0.026
c	morphology[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.991	0.999
c	morphology[+]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
c	position[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
c	animacy[−]:morphology[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.010	0.027
c	animacy[−]:morphology[+]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.086	0.125
c	animacy[−]:position[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
c	morphology[−]:position[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.147	0.195
c	morphology[+]:position[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.004
c	animacy[−]:morphology[−]:position[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.006	0.020
c	animacy[−]:morphology[+]:position[−]	Asymptotically normal	Wald z test	0.000	0.006
d	chan	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ²	0.610	0.671
d	animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.179	0.230
d	morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.996	1.000
d	position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.964	0.985
d	animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.173	0.223
d	animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.182	0.233
d	morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.917	0.949
d	animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.178	0.229
e	chan	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.611	0.672
e	index	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.594	0.655
e	freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.991	0.999
e	animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.037	0.065
e	morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.994	1.000
e	position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.922	0.953
e	index:freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.888	0.925
e	index:animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.178	0.228
e	freq.class:animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.064	0.099
e	index:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.461	0.523
e	freq.class:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.980	0.994
e	animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.169	0.219
e	index:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.264	0.321
e	freq.class:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.025	0.049
e	animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.071	0.107
e	morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.718	0.773
e	index:freq.class:animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.037	0.065
e	index:freq.class:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.358	0.419
e	index:animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.884	0.922
e	freq.class:animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.753	0.805
e	index:freq.class:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.386	0.448
e	index:animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.763	0.815
e	freq.class:animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.345	0.406
e	index:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.269	0.326
e	freq.class:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.146	0.194
e	animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.129	0.175
e	index:freq.class:animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.259	0.316
e	index:freq.class:animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.435	0.497
e	index:freq.class:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.414	0.476
e	index:animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.208	0.262
e	freq.class:animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.932	0.961
e	index:freq.class:animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.488	0.550
f	chan	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.611	0.672
f	rel.freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.846	0.889
f	freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.891	0.927
f	animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.192	0.244
f	morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.996	1.000
f	position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.677	0.734
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.837	0.881
f	rel.freq.class:animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.994	1.000
f	freq.class:animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.334	0.395
f	rel.freq.class:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.084	0.122
f	freq.class:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.983	0.996
f	animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.666	0.724
f	rel.freq.class:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.905	0.939
f	freq.class:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.225	0.280
f	animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.406	0.468
f	morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.978	0.993
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class:animacy	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.067	0.102
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.276	0.334
f	rel.freq.class:animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.242	0.298
f	freq.class:animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.895	0.931
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.361	0.422
f	rel.freq.class:animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.085	0.124
f	freq.class:animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.696	0.752
f	rel.freq.class:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.061	0.095
f	freq.class:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.405	0.467
f	animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.195	0.247
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class:animacy:morphology	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.281	0.340
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class:animacy:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.054	0.087
f	rel.freq.class:freq.class:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.066	0.101
f	rel.freq.class:animacy:morphology:position	Asymptotically normal	Type-II Wald χ ²	0.336	0.397

“Lower” and “upper” are the bounds of the 95% confidence interval on the power estimates. No power estimates are provided for model comparisons, because it is not entirely clear which model to use as the simulation basis, especially for non-nested models. We note moreover that observed power calculations are problematic (Hoenig and Heisey, 2001) and indeed closely follows the observed significance (as implemented here: |t| > 2 or p < 0.05).