Statistical analysis performed
| Figure | Data structure | Type of test | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2B | Normal distribution | Shapiro–Wilk test | W = 0.969; p = 0.0929 |
| t test | p = 0.0024 | ||
| Effect size (Cohen’s d) | d = 0.77 | ||
| 2C | Nonnormal distribution | Shapiro–Wilk test | W = 0.889; p = 0.001 |
| Wilcoxon matched pairs test | p = 0.011 | ||
| Effect size (adjusted Cohen’s d) | d = 0.91 | ||
| 2D | Normal distribution | Shapiro–Wilk test | W = 0.966; p = 0.057 |
| t test | p = 0.13 | ||
| 2E | Normal distribution | Shapiro–Wilk test | W = 0.986; p = 0.673 |
| t test | p = 0.22 | ||
| 2F | Nonnormal distribution | Shapiro–Wilk test | W = 0.829; p = 0.001 |
| Mann–Whitney U test | p = 0.98 | ||
| 3C | Nonnormal distribution | Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test followed by post hoc Tukey–Kramer method of multiple comparison | p = 0.012; p = 0.029 (10 nm vs. 5 µm); p = 0.034 (100 nm vs. 5 µm) |
| 4B | Multilevel model analysis | Intracluster correlation | 0.46 |
| Chi-squared (df = 1) | 5.5971 | ||
| p = 0.015 |