Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria

  • Human participants of age ≥18 years old (both male and female)

  • Original studies primarily aimed to investigate blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of IS, including prospective comparative studies, cohort, case control, case series or case reports (≥10 patients), and diagnostic randomized controlled trials. Case series and case reports were excluded from the meta-analysis and included only in the review

  • Original studies reporting the following result: TP, FP, TN, FN, sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR, the AUC, or DOR, or data suffice to construct two-by-two contingency tables to compute the diagnostic accuracy

  • Included participants diagnosed with IS, including IS (thrombotic strokes or embolic strokes) or TIA

  • All types of settings are acceptable, including inpatient, outpatient, community, or home

  • Described in the English language

  • Full-text availability

Exclusion criteria

  • The study did not include the population of interest or concerned animal subjects

  • Conference proceedings, abstracts, review articles, theoretical papers, pilot studies, protocols, dissertations, letters to the editor, opinions (viewpoint), statement papers, government documents, or working papers