Time points at which ACh neurons are cholinergic in the mouse brain in brain anatomical structures
| Brain region | E12 (n = 3) | E15a (n = 3) | E18a (n = 5) | P1 (n = 3) | P3 (n = 3) | P6 (n = 3) | P9 (n = 3) | P12 (n = 3) | P50 (n = 3) | >1 year (n = 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spinal cord | ++ | ++ | ++ | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Hindbrain CN | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Midbrain CN | − | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Other hindbrain nuclei | − | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Other midbrain nuclei | − | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Striatum | − | +b | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Basal Forebrain | − | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Hypothalamus | − | − | + | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Thalamus | − | − | − | +c | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Cerebellumd | − | − | − | − | − | + | ++ | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Cerebral Cortex | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Hippocampus | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | ++ | ++ | ++ |
Estimation of cholinergic neuron distribution patterning: −, not cholinergic; +, cholinergic but different from adult; ++, adult-like.
↵a The results of the serial section brain reconstructions have been revised according to the tdTomato enhancement stains.
↵b High cell density in caudal and ventral areas but low density in rostral and dorsal areas of the CPu.
↵c All brains with low intensity tdTomato-positive population in some but not all brain slices.
↵d This structure does not contain ACh neuron soma, assessment reflects innervation.
See also Extended Data Figures 5-1 and 5-2.