Table 2.

Spoken language and neuroplasticity analysis outcomes

Measure	Group	T1 mean (SD)	T2 mean (SD)	ΔT2 > T1 mean (SD)	Baseline diff. (p_FDR-value)	ΔT2 > T1 (p_FDR-value)
Spoken language outcomes
WAB Naming	Singing	5.0 (3.6)	5.7 (3.8)	0.7 (0.7)	0.585	0.006
WAB Naming	Control	7.4 (3.6)	7.4 (3.5)	0.0 (0.5)	0.585	0.006
WAB Repetition	Singing	5.4 (3.6)	5.7 (3.4)	0.3 (0.7)	0.585	0.277
WAB Repetition	Control	7.6 (3.4)	7.6 (3.3)	0.0 (0.4)	0.585	0.277
Neuroplasticity outcomes
GMV left BA44^{^a}	Singing	747 (568)	807 (586)	61 (108)	0.945	0.008
GMV left BA44^{^a}	Control	854 (387)	713 (427)	−140 (141)	0.945	0.008
GMV right BA44^{^a}	Singing	1,619 (159)	1,628 (278)	9 (99)	0.718	0.587
GMV right BA44^{^a}	Control	1,798 (336)	1,743 (324)	−55 (149)	0.718	0.587
GMV left BA45^{^a}	Singing	387 (304)	414 (306)	28 (43)	0.945	0.024
GMV left BA45^{^a}	Control	409 (240)	336 (263)	−73 (78)	0.945	0.024
GMV right BA45^{^a}	Singing	873 (159)	891 (173)	19 (61)	0.720	0.759
GMV right BA45^{^a}	Control	924 (201)	913 (164)	−11 (110)	0.720	0.759
GMV left vPMC^{^a}	Singing	884 (567)	941 (607)	57 (203)	0.718	0.024
GMV left vPMC^{^a}	Control	1,106 (400)	913 (460)	−195 (151)	0.718	0.024
GMV right vPMC^{^a}	Singing	1,783 (293)	1,775 (309)	−8 (105)	0.833	0.876
GMV right vPMC^{^a}	Control	1,827 (448)	1,810 (370)	−21 (172)	0.833	0.876
GMV left pMTG^{^a}	Singing	1,103 (718)	1,090 (724)	−13 (76)	0.718	0.268
GMV left pMTG^{^a}	Control	1,383 (430)	1,431 (591)	47 (56)	0.718	0.268
GMV right pMTG^{^a}	Singing	2,205 (533)	2,242 (551)	37 (137)	0.718	0.777
GMV right pMTG^{^a}	Control	2,498 (503)	2,513 (477)	14 (74)	0.718	0.777
WM left AF^{^b}	Singing	0.10 (0.04)	0.11 (0.05)	0.01 (0.01)	0.480	0.005
WM left AF^{^b}	Control	0.11 (0.04)	0.11 (0.05)	0.00 (0.02)	0.480	0.005
WM left FAT^{^b}	Singing	0.13 (0.03)	0.14 (0.04)	0.01 (0.02)	0.523	0.004
WM left FAT^{^b}	Control	0.14 (0.05)	0.13 (0.06)	−0.01 (0.02)	0.523	0.004
WM right FAT^{^b}	Singing	0.19 (0.03)	0.20 (0.03)	0.01 (0.01)	0.815	0.004
WM right FAT^{^b}	Control	0.20 (0.03)	0.19 (0.02)	0.00 (0.02)	0.815	0.004
WM left SLF^{^b}	Singing	0.10 (0.05)	0.11 (0.05)	0.01 (0.01)	0.480	0.005
WM left SLF^{^b}	Control	0.11 (0.04)	0.11 (0.05)	0.00 (0.02)	0.480	0.005
WM right SLF^{^b}	Singing	0.21 (0.03)	0.22 (0.03)	0.01 (0.01)	0.480	0.004
WM right SLF^{^b}	Control	0.20 (0.03)	0.20 (0.03)	0.00 (0.01)	0.480	0.004
WM left CS^{^b}	Singing	0.09 (0.04)	0.10 (0.04)	0.01 (0.01)	0.480	0.004
WM left CS^{^b}	Control	0.10 (0.04)	0.10 (0.05)	0.00 (0.01)	0.480	0.004
WM right CS^{^b}	Singing	0.16 (0.04)	0.17 (0.04)	0.01 (0.01)	0.555	0.004
WM right CS^{^b}	Control	0.17 (0.03)	0.17 (0.02)	0.00 (0.01)	0.555	0.004
WM CC^{^b}	Singing	0.14 (0.03)	0.15 (0.03)	0.01 (0.01)	0.480	0.005
WM CC^{^b}	Control	0.15 (0.03)	0.15 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.01)	0.480	0.005

Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise reported. Bold values denote statistical significance at p < 0.05. P-values are FDR corrected.
↵a Volume in mm³.
↵b Normalized QA.