Summary of DNA methylation patterns and differential gene expression levels
| Marker | Sample retrieved | Anxiety model | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| ↕Dnmt1 | Hippocampus (CA1, CA3) Amygdala (medial, basolateral and lateral nucleus) | bLR animals (rats: P7 to P14) | Simmons et al., 2012 |
| ↓Dnmt3a | Peripheral blood | Anxious young adults (measured with HADS-A) | Murphy et al., 2015 |
| mPFC | Adult CSDS (9 weeks) mice (killed 4 weeks after CSDS) | Elliott et al., 2016 | |
| ↓Dnmt3a ↓Dnmt3b ↓Grin2b ↓Gabar2 ↑Grin1 | Hippocampus | Low-methyl diet adult mice (6 and 12 weeks) (low anxiety) | Ishii et al., 2014 |
| ↑NR3C11F (Me) | Peripheral whole blood | Adolescents (mean age = 16 years) who reported SLE's | van der Knaap et al., 2014 |
| ↓NR3C11F (Me) | Leukocytic blood | Adults (age range = 18–65 years) who reported SLEs and diagnosed with variable ADs | Tyrka et al., 2016 |
| ↑NR3C1 (Me) ↓GRα | PBMCs | Adults (mean age = 35 years) diagnosed with GAD | Wang et al., 2017 |
| ↓GR ↑FKBP5 | Placenta | NR3C1+/− mice | Schmidt et al., 2019 |
| ↑FKBP5 | Amygdala | Adult rats (25 weeks) born to dams exposed to predator odors (prenatal/in utero stress) | St-Cyr et al., 2017 |
| Amygdala (basolateral) | Viral overexpression of FKBP51 | Hartmann et al., 2015 | |
| ↓Dnmt1 ↑Gabra2 ↓GABA | Whole brain | H67D male mutant mice (low anxiety) | Ye et al., 2018 |
| ↑Dnmt1 ↓GAD67 | Amygdala (basolateral) | Female mice (P45) exposed to BPA in utero | Zhou et al., 2013 |
| Female mice (P60/P70) exposed prenatally/in utero to maternal restraint stress | Zhu et al., 2018 | ||
| ↑Crf ↓Dnmt3b | Hypothalamus (PVN) | Adult CSDS mice | Elliott et al., 2010 |
| ↑Crf ↑Cortisol | Hypothalamus | PRS adolescent rats (P38) born to dams subjected to restraint stress | Xu et al., 2014 |
| ↑Crf ↑CRHR1, ↓Dnmt3b | Hypothalamus (PVN) | Male adult (P90) rats exposed in utero to gestational hypoxia | Wang et al., 2013 |
| ↓CRHR1 (Me) | Peripheral whole blood | Adults (mean age = 35 years) diagnosed with panic disorder | Schartner et al., 2017 |
| ↑Crhr1 | Amygdala (basolateral) | HAB mice bred for a high anxiety trait, LAB mice exposed to CMS | Sotnikov et al., 2014 |
| GRIN1, GRM5 ↓BCL11A, ↓JAG1 | Amygdala (central) | Anxious temperament rhesus macaques (mean age = 1.3 years) | Alisch et al., 2014 |
Genes are italicized. (me) denotes methylation reported. HADS-A, Hospital anxiety and depression scale; P, postnatal day.