Duplicate frame comparison between Pi USB Cam and commercial webcam
| Camera | Lighting condition | Recording length (s) | Target FPS | True FPS | Total duplicate frames | Duplicate frames per minute |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Commercial | Red house light | 301.29 ± 3.81 | 30 | 8.28 ± 0.01 | 6545.20 ± 83.92 | 1303.40 ± 0.24 |
| Pi USB cam | Red house light | 301.18 ± 4.09 | 30 | 30.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
| Commercial | White house light | 300.37 ± 3.77 | 30 | 8.33 ± 0.02 | 6509.00 ± 79.33 | 1300.20 ± 1.20 |
| Pi USB cam | White house light | 300.65 ± 3.47 | 30 | 30.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 |
Five-minute videos (640 × 480 resolution, 30 FPS, mp4 format) were recorded from each camera via OBS Studio for five trials under red and white house light illumination. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM.