Overview of previous studies on stimulus generalization and Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning studies
| Authors | Animals | CS type | US | CR | Methods | Analysis | Results | Training type | CS | Probe CSs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siegel et al. (1968) | Rabbit | Tone | 4-mA shock | NM response | DC signal | (i)CR percentage single subject/average | CR decremental gradient | Nondifferential | 0.5 kHz 75 dB | 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz dB |
| Tone | 1.2 kHz 75 dB | 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz dB | ||||||||
| Tone | 2.0 kHz 75 dB | 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz dB | ||||||||
| Tone | 3.0 kHz 75 dB | 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz dB | ||||||||
| Tone | 4.0 kHz 75 dB | 0.5, 1.2, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 kHz dB | ||||||||
| Hupka et al. (1969) | Rabbit | Tone | 2-mA shock | NM response | DC signal | (i) CR percentage average | CR decremental gradient steeper for the CS+ 0.4 kHz | Differential | CS+ 0.4 kHz CS–1.6 kHz | 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.0 kHz |
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.6 kHz CS– 2.8 kHz | 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 2.8 kHz CS– 4.0 kHz | 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.6 kHz CS– 0.4 kHz | 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 2.8 kHz CS– 1.6 kHz | 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 4.0 kHz CS– 2.8 kHz | 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 2.2, 2.8, 3.4, 4.0 kHz | |||||||
| Swadlow and Schneiderman (1970) | Rabbit | Electrical stimulat | 5-mA shock | Eyelid response | (i)CR percentage average | CR decremental gradient for frequency + duration/intensity, but no frequency + TSE | Nondifferential | LGN 1.5 s trains (21 pps, 0.21 ms) | LGN-a 1.5 pulse trains (18 test param with change in frequency + TSE/pulse dur/ intensity) | |
| Liu (1971) | Rabbit | Tone | 2-mA shock | NM response | EMG | (i)CR percentage average | CR decremental gradient peak at probe CS (1.4 kHz 75 dB) | Nondifferential | CS+ 2.4 kHz 75 dB CS+ 1.2 kHz 75 dB (C2*) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 75 dB |
| Tone | CR decremental gradient steeper at CS+ in T-T and T-L than C1 | Nondifferential | 1.2 kHz 75 dB (C1*) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 75 dB | ||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.2 kHz 75 dB CS– 2.4 kHz 75 dB (T-T*) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone/light | Differential | CS+ 1.2 kHz 75 dB CS– light (T-L*) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone | CR decremental gradient slope steeper along (F) than (I) | Differential | CS+ 1.2 kHz 75 dB CS– 2.4 kHz 60 dB (I + F*) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 75 dB 1.2 kHz 65, 70, 80, 85 dB | ||||||
| Moore (1972) | Rabbit | Tone | 2-mA shock | Eyelid response | EMG | (i)CR percentage average | CR decremental steeper in T-T and T-L | Nondifferential | 1.2 kHz (T) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz |
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.2 kHz CS– 2.4 kHz (T-T) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone/light | Differential | CS+ 1.2 kHz CS– light (T-L) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz | |||||||
| Moore and Mis (1973) | Rabbit | Tone | 2-mA shock | NM response | DC signal | (i)CR percentage average | CR percentage to CS-lower for differential training | Nondifferential | 0.9 kHz 75 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 75 dB |
| Tone | Nondifferential | 0.9 kHz 95 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 1.5 kHz 75 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 1.5 kHz 95 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 95 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.5 kHz 75 dB CS– 0.9 kHz 75 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS– 0.9 kHz 75 dB CS– 1.5 kHz 75 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.5 kHz 75 dB CS– 0.9 kHz 95 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 95 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Differential | CS+ 1.5 kHz 95 dB CS– 0.9 kHz 75 dB | 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 kHz 95 dB | |||||||
| Solomon and Moore (1975) | Rabbit | Tone | 2-mA shock | NM response | DC signal | (i)CR percentage average | (i) CR percentage gradient less steep for HP and CTX group | Nondifferential | 1.2 kHz 76 dB | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 76 dB |
| Tone | Nondifferential | 1.2 kHz 76 dB (lesion HP) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 76 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 1.2 kHz 76 dB (lesion CTX) | 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0 kHz 76 dB | |||||||
| Kehoe et al. (1995) | Rabbit | Tone | 2-mA shock | NM response | Photoelectric transducer | (i)CR percentage/amplitude/onset average | (i)CR onset earlier in (A), (D) (ii)CR amplitude/percentage lower in (A) and (D) than (S) | Nondifferential | 0.5 kHz 55 dB 0.5–1.5(A*), 1.5–0.5(D*), 0.5 kHz(S*) | |
| Tone | Nondifferential | 1.0 kHz 55 dB | 0.5–1.5, 1.5–0.5, 1.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 1.5 kHz 55 dB | 0.5–1.5, 1.5–0.5, 1.0 kHz | |||||||
| Tone | (i)CR onset earlier in (A), (D) | Nondifferential | 60 dB | 60–90 dB, 90–60 dB, 60 dB | ||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 75 dB | 60–90 dB, 90–60 dB, 75 dB | |||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 90 dB | 60–90 dB, 90–60 dB, 90 dB | |||||||
| Tone | (i)CR decremental gradient likelihood/amplitude (ii) CR onset unchanged | Nondifferential | 50 ms | 50, 400, 800, 1600 ms | ||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 400 ms | 50, 400, 800, 1600 ms | |||||||
| Tone | Nondifferential | 800 ms | 50, 400, 800, 1600 ms | |||||||
| Svensson et al. (1997) | Ferrets | electric stimulat | 3-mA shock | Eyelid response | EMG | (i)CR onset/peaktime average | (i)CR onset/peaktime earlier | Nondifferential | Left FL* 300 ms 50 Hz 1 mA | Left FL 300 ms 50 Hz 2 mA |
| electric stimulat | Nondifferential | MCP* 0.1 ms 50 Hz | MCP 0.1 ms 100 Hz | |||||||
| Garcia et al. (2003) | Rabbit | Tone | 4-mA shock | (i)NM response (ii) eyelid response | (i) infrared LED (ii) photoelectric transucer | (i)CR percentage/amplitude/onset/peaktime average | (i)CR percentage/amplitude decremental gradient (ii)CR onset/peaktime increment | Nondifferential | 1.0 kHz 75 dB | 1.0, 1.26, 1.59, 2.0, 2.52, 3.17, 4.0, 5.04 kHz 75 dB |
| Ohyama et al. (2003) | Rabbit | Tone | 0.8- to 2.5-mA shock | Eyelid response | Infrared LED | (i)CR/SLR percentage/amplitude average | (i)SLR/CR decremental gradient (excl light) (ii)CR amplitude unchanged | Nondifferential | 1.0 kHz 85 dB | 1.0, 1.85, 3.55, 6.1, 9.5 85 dB, light |
| Tone | (I)SLR/CR amplitude decremental gradient | Nondifferential | 1.0 kHz 85 dB (PCX*) cerebellar cortex | 1.0, 1.85, 3.55, 6.1, 9.5 85 dB, light | ||||||
| Tone | (i)SLR/CR decremental gradient (excl light) (ii)CR amplitude unchanged | Nondifferential | 9.5 kHz 85 dB | 1.0, 1.85, 3.55, 6.1, 9.5 85 dB, light | ||||||
| Tone | (I)SLR/CR amplitude decremental gradient | Nondifferential | 1.0 kHz 85 dB (PCX) cerebellar cortex | 1.0, 1.85, 3.55, 6.1, 9.5 85 dB, light | ||||||
| light | (i)SLR/CR light only | Nondifferential | Light | 1.0, 1.85, 3.55, 6.1, 9.5 85 dB, light | ||||||
| Svensson et al. (2010) | Ferrets | Electrical stimulat | 3-mA shock | Eyelid response | EMG | (i) SS suppression single PCs | (i) SS* suppression earlier in PCs (ii) PCs fire freq unchanged | Nondifferential | FL 0.5 kHz 300 ms 1 mA pulse train | FL 0.5 kHz 300 ms 2 mA pulse train |
| Electrical stimulat | CF 0.50 kHz 10 ms (x2) | Eyelid response | EMG | (i) SS suppression single PCs | (i)SS suppression earlier in PCs | Nondifferential | MF* 0.5 kHz 400–800 ms pulse train | MF 1.0 kHz 400–800 ms pulse train | ||
| Khilkevich et al. (2018) | Rabbit | Tone | 1- to 3-mA shock | Eyelid response | Infrared LED | (i)CR percentage/amplitude average | (i) CR decremental gradient (ii) CR amplitude unchanged | Nondifferential | 1.0 kHz 75 dB 500 ms | 1.0 kHz 75 dB 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 ms |
| Electrical stimulat | Nondifferential | MF pulse train 100 Hz 100–150 mA | MF pulse train 90, 80, 70, 60, 50 Hz 100–150 mA | |||||||
| Electrical stimulat | Nondifferential | MF pulse train 100 Hz 100–150 mA | MF (competing) pulse train 100 Hz 100–150 mA |
Note that none of these studies was done in mice.
C1, 1 CS (tone/light); C2, 2 CSs (reinforced tone); T, 1 CS tone; T-T, tone-tone; T-L, tone-light; F + I, frequency + intensity; A, ascending tone; D, descending tone; S, steady tone; FL, forelimb; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; MF, mossy fibers; PCX, picrotoxin; TSE, total stimulus energy; LGN,lateral geniculate nucleus; HP, hippocampus; CTX, cortex