Statistical table
| Figure | Data structure | Type of test | Sample size | Statistical data |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fig. 1B | Effect of group on number of trials Effect of day on number of trials Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.49, df = 28.48, p = 0.63 t = 124, df = 3.58, p = 4.88 × 10−4 t = 124, df = −0.47, p = 0.64 |
| Fig. 1C | Effect of group on first reach success rate Effect of day on first reach success rate Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.442, df = 25, p = 0.66 t = 5.55, df = 123, p = 1.70 × 10−7 t = −4.78, df = 123, p = 4.98 × 10−6 |
| Extended Data Fig. 1-1C | Effect of group on number of reach attempts Effect of day on number of reach attempts Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.81, df = 19, p = 0.43 t = −4.12, df = 124, p = 6.88 × 10−5 t = 1.37, df = 124, p = 0.17 |
| Extended Data Fig. 1-1D | Effect of day on performance outcomes, learners Effect of day on performance outcomes, non-learners | Linear mixed model | n = 4 | No pellet: t = −0.11, df = 35, p = 0.91 First success: t = 4.96, df = 35, p = 1.83 × 10−5 Multiple success: t = −2.53, df = 35, p = 0.02 Drop in box: t = 0.42, df = 35, p = 0.68 Pellet knock off: t = −4.59, df = 35, p =5.46 × 10−5 Tongue: t = 0, df = 35, p = 1 Trigger error: t = −0.52, df = 38, p = 0.61 Pellet remained: t = −0.78, df = 38, p = 0.44 Non-preferred hand: t = −0.87, df = 38, p = 0.39 Tongue and hand: t = 0, df = 38, p = 1 Hand through slot: t = −0.78, df = 38, p = 0.39 No pellet: t = −0.62, df = 98, p = 0.54 First success: t = 0.51, df = 88, p = 0.61 Multiple success: t = −0.79, df = 89, p = 0.43 Drop in box: t = 0.36, df = 89, p = 0.72 Pellet knock off: t = 0.49, df = 89, p = 0.62 Tongue: t = 0, df = 98, p = 1 Trigger error: t = −1.37, df = 98, p = 0.18 Pellet remained: t = −0.95, df = 98, p = 0.35 Non-preferred hand: t = −0.87, df = 98, p = 0.39 Tongue and hand: t = 0, df = 98, p = 1 Hand through slot: t = 0.01, df = 98, p = 0.99 |
| Fig. 2C | Effect of group on paw trajectory variability Effect of day on paw trajectory variability Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | Reach: t = 0.53, df = 23, p = 0.60 Grasp: t = −0.08, df = 26, p = 0.94 Reach: t = −1.85, df = 124, p = 0.07 Grasp: t = −2.75, df = 124, p = 6.91 × 10−3 Reach: t = 0.37, df = 124, p = 0.71 Grasp: t = 1.08, df = 124, p = 0.28 |
| Fig. 2D | Negative correlation between trajectory variability and success rate, learners Negative correlation between trajectory variability and success rate, non-learners | Linear correlation | n = 4 n = 10 | Session 1: r = 0.73, p = 5.33 × 10−6 Session 2: r = −0.55, p = 1.70 × 103 Session 3: r = −0.03, p = 0.86 Session 4: r = −0.68, p = 4.25 × 10−5 Session 5: r = −0.53, p = 2.50 × 10−3 Session 6: r = −0.82, p = 2.16 × 10−8 Session 7: r = 0.15, p = 0.44 Session 8: r = −0.70, p = 1.51 × 10−5 Session 9: r = 0.39, p = 0.03 Session 10: r = −0.24, p = 0.20 Session 1: r = −0.88, p = 1.78 × 10−10 Session 2: r = −0.02, p = 0.91 Session 3: r = 0.02, p = 0.91 Session 4: r = −0.67, p = 4.33 × 10−5 Session 5: r = −0.33, p = 0.08 Session 6: r = −0.38, p = 0.04 Session 7: r = 0.67, p = 4.33 × 10−5 Session 8: r = −0.42, p = 0.02 Session 9: r = −0.07, p = 0.73 Session 10: r = −0.83, p = 1.53 × 10−8 |
| Fig. 2E | Effect of group on reach duration Effect of day on reach duration Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.29, df = 21, p = 0.78 t = −1.03, df = 124, p = 0.31 t = −0.11, df = 124, p = 0.91 |
| Fig. 2F | Effect of group on reach velocity Effect of day on reach duration Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.16, df = 15, p = 0.87 t = −0.07, df = 124, p = 0.94 t = 1.02, df = 124, p = 0.31 |
| Fig. 3B | Effect of group on reach endpoint Effect of day on reach endpoint Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | Paw x: t =1.30, df = 18, p = 0.21 Paw y: t = −0.94, df = 18, p = 0.36 Paw z: t = −0.38, df = 124, p = 0.71 Digit 2 ×: t = 1.80, df = 17, p = 0.09 Digit 2 year: t = −0.90, df = 19, p = 0.38 Digit 2 z: t = −0.63, df = 19, p = 0.53 Paw x: t = 2.13, df = 124, p = 0.04 Paw y: t = −2.45, df = 124, p = 0.02 Paw z: t = 1.73, df = 124, p = 0.09 Digit 2 ×: t = 3.12, df = 124, p = 2.25 × 103 Digit 2 year: t = −1.80, df = 124, p = 0.07 Digit 2 z: t = 0.99, df = 124, p = 0.33 Paw x: t = −2.40, df = 124, p = 0.02 Paw y: t = 1.45, df = 124, p = 0.15 Paw z: t = −1.23, df = 124, p = 0.22 Digit 2 ×: t = −3.16, df = 124, p = 1.97 × 103 Digit 2 year: t = 1.16, df = 124, p = 0.25 Digit 2 z: t = −0.58, df = 124, p = 0.57 |
| Fig. 3D | Effect of group on endpoint variability, raw data Effect of day on endpoint variability, raw data Group × day interaction, raw data Effect of group on endpoint variability, subtracted position Effect of day on endpoint variability, subtracted position Group × day interaction, subtracted position | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | Hand: t = −0.95, df = 51, p = 0.35 Digit 1: t = −0.71, df = 56, p = 0.48 Digit 2: t = −0.86, df = 45, p = 0.39 Digit 3: t = −0.42, df = 49, p = 0.67 Digit 4: t = −0.29, df = 48, p = 0.78 Hand: t = −2.27, df = 124, p = 0.02 Digit 1: t = −1.97, df = 124, p = 0.05 Digit 2: t = −2.25, df = 124, p = 0.03 Digit 3: t = −1.85, df = 124, p = 0.07 Digit 4: t = −1.78, df = 124, p = 0.08 Hand: t = 1.39, df = 124, p = 0.17 Digit 1: t = 1.15, df = 124, p = 0.25 Digit 2: t = 1.42, df = 124, p = 0.16 Digit 3: t = 0.90, df = 124, p = 0.37 Digit 4: t = 0.89, df = 124, p = 0.37 Digit 1: t = 0.13, df = 78, p = 0.89 Digit 2: t = −1.61, df = 112, p = 0.11 Digit 3: t = −0.75, df = 136, p = 0.45 Digit 4: t = 0.62, df = 107, p = 0.54 Digit 1: t = −0.87, df = 124, p = 0.39 Digit 2: t = −2.23, df = 124, p = 0.03 Digit 3: t = −1.64, df = 136, p = 0.10 Digit 4: t = −0.67, df = 124, p = 0.51 Digit 1: t = 0.64, df = 124, p = 0.52 Digit 2: t = 1.79, df = 124, p = 0.08 Digit 3: t = 1.21, df = 136, p = 0.23 Digit 4: t = 0.03, df = 124, p = 0.98 |
| Fig. 3E | Effect of part on % mislabeled frames Effect of day on % mislabeled frames Part × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = −0.05, df = 123, p = 0.96 t = 0.98, df = 123, p = 0.33 Hand: t = −0.79, df = 117, p = 0.43 Digit 1: t = 1.07, df = 117, p = 0.29 Digit 2: t = 0.91, df = 117, p = 0.37 Digit 3: t = 1.82, df = 117, p = 0.07 Digit 4: t = 2.71, df = 117, p = 7.74 × 10−3 |
| Fig. 4A | Effect of group on digit 2 trajectory variability Effect of day on digit 2 trajectory variability Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | Reach: t = 1.39, df = 23, p = 0.18 Grasp: t = −0.60, df = 27, p = 0.55 Reach: t = −1.69, df = 124, p = 0.09 Grasp: t = −3.92, df = 124, p = 1.46 × 10−4 Reach: t = −0.01, df = 124, p = 0.99 Grasp: t = 2.29, df = 124, p = 0.02 |
| Fig. 4D | Effect of group on aperture Effect of day on aperture Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = −0.81, df = 15, p = 0.43 t = 0.97, df = 124, p = 0.34 t = 0.36, df = 124, p = 0.72 |
| Fig. 4F | Effect of group on aperture variance Effect of day on aperture variance Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.96, df = 22, p = 0.35 t = −1.53, df = 124, p = 0.13 t = 0.90, df = 124, p = 0.37 |
| Fig. 4H | Effect of group on hand orientation Effect of day on hand orientation Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.78, df = 15, p = 0.45 t = 2.72, df = 124, p = 7.42 × 10−3 t = −1.54, df = 124, p = 0.13 |
| Fig. 4J | Effect of group on orientation variance Effect of day on orientation variance Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 0.80, df = 61, p = 0.43 t = 1.97, df = 124, p = 0.05 t = −0.98, df = 124, p = 0.33 |
| Fig. 4L | Effect of group on digit flexion Effect of day on digit flexion Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t −0.68, df = 16, p = 0.51 t = −1.49, df = 124, p = 0.14 t = 0.98, df = 124, p = 0.33 |
| Fig. 4N | Effect of group on flexion variance Effect of day on flexion variance Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = −1.00, df = 26, p = 0.33 t = 1.02, df = 124, p = 0.31 t = −0.01, df = 124, p = 0.99 |
| Fig. 5B | Effect of group on aperture Effect of day on aperture Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = −0.53, df = 30, p = 0.60 t = −0.17, df = 111, p = 0.86 t = 1.35, df = 111, p = 0.18 |
| Fig. 5D | Effect of group on orientation Effect of day on orientation Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = 1.11, df = 18, p = 0.28 t = 2.20, df = 111, p = 0.03 t = −2.08, df = 111, p = 0.04 |
| Fig. 5F | Effect of group on flexion Effect of day on flexion Group × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 14 | t = −0.184, df = 19, p = 0.86 t = −0.05, df = 111, p = 0.96 t = −0.52, df = 111, p = 0.60 |
| Fig. 6A | Effect of outcome on reach trajectory variability Effect of day on reach trajectory variability Outcome × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 | Learners: t = 1.26, df = 72, p = 0.21 Non-learners: t = 4.44, df = 183, p = 1.56 × 10−5 Learners: t = −1.84, df = 72, p = 0.07 Non-learners: t = −2.01, df = 183, p = 0.046 Learners: t = −0.46, df = 72, p = 0.64 Non-learners: t = −1.25, df = 183, p = 0.21 |
| Fig. 6B | Effect of outcome on grasp trajectory variability Effect of day on grasp trajectory variability Outcome × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 | Learners: t = 4.77, df = 72, p = 9.34 × 10−6 Non-learners: t = 5.58, df = 183, p = 8.47 × 10−8 Learners: t = −0.30, df = 72, p = 0.77 Non-learners: t = −2.88, df = 183, p = 4.42 × 103 Learners: t = −2.23, df = 72, p = 0.03 Non-learners: t = −1.02, df = 183, p = 0.31 |
| Fig. 6C | Effect of outcome on reach endpoint Effect of day on reach endpoint Outcome × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 | Learners X: t = −2.31, df = 72, p = 0.02 Learners Y: t = −0.95, df = 72, p = 0.35 Learners Z: t = 3.52, df = 72, p =7.48 × 10−4 Non-learners X: t = −1.53, df = 185, p = 0.13 Non-learners Y: t = −1.49, df = 185, p = 0.14 Non-learners Z: t = 4.94, df = 185, p = 1.76 × 10−6 Learners X: t = 0.95, df = 72, p = 0.34 Learners Y: t = 1.54, df = 72, p = 0.13 Learners Z: t = 1.31, df = 72, p = 0.20 Non-learners X: t = −1.46, df = 185, p = 0.15 Non-learners Y: t = 0.59, df = 185, p = 0.56 Non-learners Z: t = 0.76, df = 185, p = 0.45 Learners X: t = 1.94, df = 72, p = 0.06 Learners Y: t = 0.23, df = 72, p = 0.82 Learners Z: t = −1.86, df = 72, p = 0.07 Non-learners X: t = −0.03, df = 185, p = 0.97 Non-learners Y: t = 0.77, df = 185, p = 0.44 Non-learners Z: t = −1.53, df = 185, p = 0.13 |
| Fig. 6D | Effect of outcome on hand endpoint variability Effect of day on hand endpoint variability Outcome × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 | Learners: t = 2.67, df = 72, p = 9.26 × 10−3 Non-learners: t = 2.63, df = 185, p = 9.34 × 10−3 Learners: t = −0.06, df = 72, p = 0.96 Non-learners: t = −0.26, df = 185, p = 0.80 Learners: t = −1.95, df = 72, p = 0.05 Non-learners: t = −0.67, df = 185, p = 0.50 |
| Fig. 6E | Effect of outcome on digit 2 endpoint variability Effect of day on digit 2 endpoint variability Outcome × day interaction | Linear mixed model | n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 n = 4 n = 10 | Learners: t = 2.64, df = 72, p = 0.01 Non-learners: t = 2.60, df = 185, p = 0.01 Learners: t = −0.14, df = 72, p = 0.89 Non-learners: t = −0.22, df = 185, p = 0.83 Learners: t = −1.92, df = 72, p = 0.06 Non-learners: t = −0.25, df = 185, p = 0.80 |