Summary of major feeding and breathing modes and their respective oropharyngeal apparatus, controller muscle groups, and putative innervating nerves
| Species | Feeding/breathing modes | Oropharyngeal apparatus | Putative innervating nerves |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hagfish | Feeding | Basal plate, dentitions (palatal tooth and tooth plates), oropharyngeal and axial muscles | V (oropharyngeal muscles) |
| Aquatic breathing | Velum, gill pouches | V (velum), VII, IX, X, occipitospinal nerves (gill pouches)* | |
| Lamprey | Feeding, aquatic breathing | Velum (larvae), branchial basket | V (velum), VII, IX, X (branchial basket) |
| Fish | Feeding, forced ventilation, air-breathing | Jaw, buccal and opercular cavity (glottis, ABO for air-breathing) | V (jaw), VII (buccal and opercular cavity), IX (gill), X (gill, glottis) |
| Feeding and gill ventilation | Jaw, buccal and opercular cavity | V (jaw), VII (buccal and opercular cavity), IX, X (gill) | |
| Amphibians | Feeding | Jaw, tongue, hyoid | V (jaws), VII, IX, X (glottis) |
| Air breathing | Jaw, tongue, hyoid, ABO | V (jaws), VII, IX, X (glottis), spinal nerves (abdominal muscles in expiration) | |
| Reptiles | Feeding | Jaw, hyolingual, pharynx | V (jaws), VII, XII (hyolingual), IX, X |
| Air breathing | Jaw, hyolingual, pharynx, axial muscles | V, VII, IX, X, XII, spinal nerves | |
| Mammals | Feeding | Jaw, hyolingual, pharynx | V, VII, IX, X, XII, spinal nerves (see Table 3) |
| Air breathing | Nose (hyolingual when breathing through mouth), axial muscles | VII, X, XI, XII, spinal nerves |
↵* See Oisi et al. (2015) for more details.