Table 2

Expression effect for all data and for dynamic and static conditions separately on all looking parameters investigated: Cumulative fixation duration (FixDur), fixation number (FixNum), mean fixation duration (MeanFix), total looking time (LookT) on the entire face, the eyes and the mouth, as well as exploration distance (ExplorDistance) and the feature index

LookingparameterNeutralFearLip smackThreatBlowingχ2 (df = 3), n = 80 (all)/n = 40 (dyn./ stat.), p value
median (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diff
FixDur face1248.40
(945.96–1504.73)
T1285.90
(1007.32–1509.05)
-1274.78
(1036.78–1472.54)
-1359.36
(1116.01–1521.50)
N1295.06
(906.30–1512.56)
-13.19, 0.0043
Dynamic1252.29
(1024.79–1499.55)
T1261.65
(1023.37–1481.34)
T1334.24
(1089.78–1495.33)
-1413.88
(1187.31–1557.18)
N,F1368.56
(866.48–1495.15)
-11.61, 0.0088
Static1231.20
(895.70–1512.90)
-1359.37
(1007.33–1515.76)
-1219.72
(964.70–1470.73)
-1300.02
(1045.58–1474.63)
-1248.46
(946.79–1531.31)
-9.81, 0.020
FixNum face4.60 (3.74–5.34)F,T4.78 (4.17–5.59)N,T4.75 (4.00–5.50)T5.16 (4.39–5.75)N,F,L,B4.75 (3.79–5.33)T36.13, 0.000
Dynamic4.70 (3.54–5.29)T4.67 (4.10–5.35)T5.00 (4.06–5.64)-5.11 (4.20–5.65)N,F4.79 (3.61–5.32)-19.27, 0.000
Static4.59 (3.95–5.40)F,T5.17 (4.21–5.66)N,L4.68 (3.93–5.29)F,T5.29 (4.58–5.88)N,L4.75 (3.79–5.38)-25.82, 0.000
MeanFix face272.72
(215.33–327.00)
-268.26
(221.70–314.29)
-271.51
(214.84–326.07)
-262.75
(214.94–314.11)
-272.27
(228.53–329.26)
-1.67, 0.64
Dynamic276.33
(222.06–359.12)
-270.66
(224.89–318.06)
-262.50
(217.53–316.61)
-277.96
(228.70–337.22)
-275.36
(230.03–337.23)
-3.57, 0.31
Static264.10
(201.13–321.86)
-266.48
(203.82–301.40)
-273.47
(208.47–342.47)
-250.87
(205.81–290.07
-263.72
(218.54–312.33)
-8.04, 0.045
LookT face1583.35
(1324.88–1822.86)
F,T1676.00
(1482.22–1859.79)
N,B1651.82
(1414.69–1816.48)
T1741.56
(1515.20–1897.24)
N,L,B1659.39
(1315.08–1804.15)
F,T21.98, 0.000
Dynamic1583.35
(1356.10–1824.22)
T1655.18
(1487.83–1847.60)
T1709.45
(1490.44–1860.99)
-1769.91
(1559.55–1913.73)
N,F,B1691.35
(1310.83–1796.10)
T17.55, 0.000
Static1579.56
(1224.25–1814.67)
F1723.87
(1473.90–1882.95)
N,L,B1605.48
(1343.86–1791.33)
F1720.75
(1484.35–1849.24)
-1614.57
(1355.80–1841.81)
F12.99, 0.0047
FixDur eyes132.45
(47.45–309.08)
-137.44
(52.25–295.85)
-148.83
(58.52–277.27)
-157.44
(49.95–295.45)
-161.70
(36.61–337.46)
-0.61, 0.89
Dynamic132.45
(40.79–269.58)
-171.50
(52.25–267.40)
-141.52
(58.52–254.95)
-163.75
(64.73–280.55)
-86.83
(20.15–282.23)
-4.92, 0.18
Static146.00
(53.75–316.96)
-108.55
(49.13–315.10)
-174.06
(58.98–355.03)
-152.92
(43.42–297.25)
-186.05
(85.84–346.96)
-4.24, 0.24
FixNum eyes0.68 (0.21–1.25)-0.61 (0.20–1.27)-0.75 (0.32–1.38)-0.75 (0.27–1.41)-0.65 (0.15–1.40)-0.16, 0.98
Dynamic0.60 (0.14–1.13)-0.72 (0.31–1.24)-0.65 (0.33–1.14)-0.71 (0.34–1.40)-0.44 (0.11–1.25)-3.21, 0.36
Static0.80 (0.30–1.38)-0.56 (0.17–1.31)-0.76 (0.30–1.50)-0.84 (0.24–1.46)-0.79 (0.24–1.56)-4.48, 0.21
MeanFix eyes84.13
(37.22–155.71)
-91.27
(42.00–158.89)
-92.07
(36.78–166.40)
-104.53
(37.88–153.84)
-97.34
(33.61–173.51)
-0.090, 0.99
Dynamic78.45
(37.22–149.58)
-93.22
(44.70–152.67)
-89.26
(31.24–161.60)
-108.00
(34.13–170.79)
-54.27
(20.15–158.55)
-5.93, 0.12
Static97.98
(37.33–159.86)
-74.61
(38.64–158.89)
-99.60
(49.19–182.44)
-85.94
(42.83–136.75)
-100.56
(46.76–176.23)
-6.73, 0.081
LookT eyes207.33
(78.79–394.69)
-190.17
(79.54–391.33)
-207.94
(85.69–406.61)
-228.67
(73.89–359.25)
-200.88
(81.15–446.29)
-1.18, 0.76
Dynamic198.74
(72.49–351.97)
-204.37
(79.54–371.99)
-190.75
(75.01–342.14)
-236.72
(86.73–359.25)
-162.28
(42.97–412.26)
-2.31, 0.51
Static229.50
(93.14–441.49)
-174.60
(85.16–423.28)
-221.06
(115.55–483.18)
-218.98
(73.89–359.33)
-236.95
(108.33–456.71)
-7.39, 0.060
FixDur mouth42.77
(0.00–105.28)
F,L,T332.88
(164.00–492.01)
N,L,B97.60
(32.34–267.93)
N,F,T194.50
(86.36–435.15)
N,L,B40.36
(0.00–123.09)
F,T138.48, 0.000
Dynamic53.08
(0.00–101.61)
F,L,T318.10
(175.22–425.38)
N,L,B169.83
(37.80–308.61)
N,F,T215.08
(63.03–431.31)
N,L,B46.55
(0.00–164.79)
F,T60.61, 0.000
Static35.21
(0.00–105.60)
F,T364.00
(162.89–516.43)
N,L,B68.04
(19.36–147.10)
F,T191.39
(105.68–444.44)
N,L,B32.61
(0.00–75.89)
F,T82.44, 0.000
FixNum mouth0.18 (0.00–0.35)F,L,T1.10 (0.71–1.45)N,L,B0.33 (0.13–0.80)N,F,T0.76 (0.38–1.61)N,L,B0.13 (0.00–0.44)F,T154.06, 0.000
Dynamic0.18 (0.00–0.30)F,L,T1.15 (0.68–1.40)N,L,B0.52 (0.19–0.86)N,F,T0.73 (0.33–1.50)N,L,B0.13 (0.00–0.53)F,T68.47, 0.000
Static0.17 (0.00–0.42)F,T1.05 (0.75–1.69)N,L,B0.25 (0.13–0.69)F,T0.83 (0.50–1.69)N,L,B0.13 (0.00–0.28)F T91.15, 0.000
MeanFix mouth32.29
(0.00–76.13)
F,L,T185.52
(99.68–250.33)
N,L,B81.24
(22.28–147.90)
N,F,T124.94
(68.72–212.58)
N,L,B37.44
(0.00–91.23)
F,T110.95, 0.000
Dynamic31.64
(0.00–83.43)
F,L,T185.96
(115.80–260.35)
N,L,B108.88
(37.80–193.73)
N,F141.08
(54.68–231.49)
N,B46.55
(0.00–109.25)
F,T52.05, 0.000
Static32.71
(0.00–76.13)
F,T183.11
(82.40–242.64)
N,L,B44.37
(19.36–106.97)
F,T105.57
(78.54–198.50)
N,L,B29.39
(0.00–66.74)
F,T61.35, 0.000
LookT mouth95.07
(31.49–217.05)
F,L,T669.77
(389.74–839.84)
N,L,T,B167.30
(59.77–465.01)
N,F,T296.59
(144.95–679.65)
N,F,L,B75.64
(24.02–211.48)
F,T171.80, 0.000
Dynamic98.30
(34.73–268.66)
F,L,T646.07
(408.83–790.35)
N,L,T,B203.35
(88.94–546.95)
N,F310.63
(130.80–723.90)
N,F,B103.41
(33.61–228.45)
F,T81.12, 0.000
Static93.84
(26.37–213.30)
F,T685.58
(375.59–910.24)
N,L,B131.00
(50.00–308.78)
N,F,T296.59
(162.84–672.35)
N,F,L,B59.84
(20.94–160.83)
F,T94.59, 0.000
ExplorDistance10.34
(5.76–12.35)
T11.29
(7.24–13.24)
T10.57
(6.39–12.96)
T12.79
(7.97–15.43)
N,F,L,B10.51
(5.83–12.96)
T46.40, 0.000
Dynamic9.65 (5.76–11.95)T11.11 (7.24–13.53)T11.36 (6.32–13.45)T12.35 (6.97–15.56)N,F,L,B10.40 (4.94–12.88)T18.45, 0.000
Static11.06 (5.82–12.41)T11.29 (7.31–13.08)T10.33 (6.39–12.05)T13.09 (8.76–15.09)N,F,L,B10.51 (7.48–13.28)T29.19, 0.000
Feature index–0.40 (–0.66–0.049)F,L,T–0.14 (–0.40–0.12)N,L,B–0.32 (–0.50–0.061)N,F,T–0.12 (–0.40–0.20)N,L,B–0.39 (–0.57– 0.0058)F,T56.15, 0.000
Dynamic–0.39 (–0.62–0.020)F,T–0.16 (–0.38–0.086)N,B–0.33 (–0.49–0.087)-–0.12 (–0.43–0.20)N,B–0.45 (–0.63– –0.055)F,T23.85, 0.000
Static–0.40 (–0.72–0.077)F,T–0.10 (–0.42–0.20)N,L,B–0.30 (–0.54–0.054)F,T–0.10 (–0.36–0.20)N,L,B–0.35 (–0.54–0.0034)F,T33.69, 0.000
  • Table shows group medians and interquartile range (IQR) of all eight subjects per condition, results of Friedman’s ANOVA (last column) with test statistic value (χ2), degrees of freedom (df), number of values per condition included in the statistical analysis (n), and significance level (p value) and shows from which groups the respective group differed significantly (Diff, p <0.05) according to Dunn and Sidák’s post hoc multiple comparisons procedure (N = neutral, F = fear, L = lip smack, T = threat, B = blowing). Friedman’s ANOVAs did not include the blowing expressions to assure the same number of render types per expression category (no real blowing video). A second Friedman’s ANOVA was conducted leaving out the real videos (data not shown) and pairwise differences with the blowing expression are reported from this analysis. Effects were regarded as statistically significant at p <0.05; p values <0.001 were rounded to 0.000.