Table 1

Render type effect on all looking parameters investigated: cumulative fixation duration (FixDur), fixation number (FixNum), mean fixation duration (MeanFix), and total looking time (LookT) on the entire face, the eyes and the mouth, as well as exploration distance (ExplorDistance) and the feature index

LookingparameterWireframeGrayscaleFurlessAvatarRealχ2 (df = 4),n = 64, p value
median (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diffmedian (IQR)Diff
FixDur face1372.38
(1004.95–1528.14)
1264.38
(909.91–1491.12)
R1307.35
(972.22–1500.50)
1287.79
(1067.57–1497.17)
1291.11
(1107.00–1503.56)
G14.34, 0.0063
FixNum face5.25 (4.10–5.88)G,F4.50 (3.47–5.15)W,A,R4.65 (3.87–5.30)W,A,R5.05 (4.29–5.54)G,F,R5.24 (4.59–5.81)G,F,A72.60, 0.000
MeanFix face257.90
(202.76–297.55)
G,F281.20
(219.47–335.81)
W,R279.79
(215.82–318.47)
W266.05
(223.89–317.37)
255.79
(209.76–304.01)
G14.31, 0.000
LookT face1747.15
(1481.48–1904.80)
1645.17
(1332.39–1805.54)
R1632.71
(1325.82–1818.56)
R1659.63
(1464.91–1869.56)
1722.50
(1490.59–1859.79)
G,F20.16, 0.000
FixDur eyes131.69
(43.25–333.02)
154.24
(40.20–340.94)
R208.69
(79.64–424.49)
R148.73
(54.76–258.94)
120.68
(57.80–196.25)
G,F22.76, 0.000
FixNum eyes0.69 (0.23–1.45)0.79 (0.14–1.60)0.88 (0.41–1.63)R0.73 (0.19 –1.16)0.59 (0.30–0.95)F13.96, 0.0074
MeanFix eyes87.69
(34.21–160.47)
F99.03
(27.18–185.81)
111.18
(41.15–200.42)
W,R86.06
(46.71–137.05)
88.52
(41.03–113.22)
F17.82, 0.0013
LookT eyes206.27
(68.00–450.86)
233.94
(70.78–433.51)
R264.91
(113.93–543.33)
R225.89
(88.39–331.98)
150.89
(85.44–235.24)
G,F22.95, 0.000
FixDur mouth114.21
(44.21–348.00)
R85.50
(22.00–238.72)
R83.55
(36.43–255.68)
R134.61
(37.64–322.05)
R295.09
(154.16–502.11)
W,G,F,A31.41, 0.000
FixNum mouth0.47 (0.20–1.10)R0.30 (0.13–0.76)R0.35 (0.15–0.88)R0.60 (0.18–1.00)R1.05 (0.65–1.75)W,G,F,A49.13, 0.000
MeanFix mouth88.65
(38.25–170.35)
R66.22
(21.51–134.25)
R72.56
(21.61–167.42)
R85.35
(34.71–180.25)
R184.02
(121.85–234.05)
W,G,F,A32.15, 0.000
LookT mouth185.02
(89.82–508.29)
R140.38
(48.50–486.70)
R190.06
(70.80–458.94)
R216.90
(76.28–545.16)
R663.86
(357.08–890.90)
W,G,F,A79.75, 0.000
ExplorDistance10.38 (6.17–13.22)F10.57 (5.25–12.73)A,R10.91 (6.98–12.67)W,A,R12.57 (7.26–14.25)G,F11.82 (7.52–14.12)G,F50.91, 0.000
Feature index–0.13 (–0.45–0.064)–0.23 (–0.48–0.19)–0.27 (–0.42–0.15)–0.29 (–0.47–0.070)–0.32 (–0.49– 0.00)7.16, 0.13
  • Table shows group medians and interquartile range (IQR) of all eight subjects per condition, results of Friedman’s ANOVA (last column) with test statistic value (χ2), degrees of freedom (df), number of values per condition included in the statistical analysis (n), and significance level (p value) and shows from which groups the respective group differed significantly (Diff, p <0.05) according to Dunn and Sidák’s post hoc multiple comparisons approach (W = wireframe, G = grayscale, F = furless, A = avatar, R = real). To be able to apply Friedman’s ANOVA, trials with a blowing avatar were excluded from the analysis to assure the same number of expressions per render type category (no blowing expression in the real video). Effects were regarded as statistically significant at p <0.05; p values <0.001 were rounded to 0.000.