Table 2.

Summary of sample sizes, litter numbers, and statistical tests by figure

FigurePanel (group)MFLitterMeasureTestComparisondfStatisticp Value
Figure 1A–C (saline)12119(A) Placental necrosisOne-way ANOVAEffect of LPS treatment2, 76F = 8.150.0006
A–C (LPS 30)1195One-way ANOVASaline vs LPS30 (Tukey's post hoc test)76q = 0.86480.8143
A–C (LPS 60)201916One-way ANOVASaline vs LPS60 (Tukey's post hoc test)76q = 5.2790.0010
One-way ANOVALPS30 vs LPS60 (Tukey's post hoc test)76q = 3.8230.0228
(B, C) Placental necrosisTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS treatment2, 73F = 8.160.0006
Two-way ANOVALPS60 vs saline males (Tukey’s post hoc test)73q = 4.7220.0161
Two-way ANOVALPS60 vs saline females (Tukey’s post hoc test)73q = 2.70.4051
D–F (Sal 2 h)655718(D) Placental weightTwo-way ANOVAEffect of sex E13.51, 230F = 17.65<0.0001
D–F (Sal 24 h)766622Two-tailed t testLPS effect in males E13.5108t = 2.3980.0182
D–F (LPS 2 h)314110Two-tailed t testLPS effect in females E13.5122t = 0>0.9999
D–F (LPS 24 h)484418(E) Fetal weightTwo-way ANOVAEffect of sex E13.51, 286F = 5.3430.0215
Two-tailed t testLPS effect in males E13.5134t = 1.7530.0818
Two-tailed t testLPS effect in females E13.5152t = 0.04250.9662
(F) Ratio placenta/fetal weightTwo-way ANOVAEffect of sex E13.51, 230F = 17.650.0182
Figure 2A (all groups)663(A) Placenta cytokine abundanceTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of treatment1, 90F = 124.9<0.0001
Multiple t testEach elevated cytokine10q < 0.01<0.05
B–E (all groups)884(B) TNFα abundanceTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS treatment1, 34F = 14.820.0005
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey’s post hoc test)34t = 3.3020.0135
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey’s post hoc test)34t = 2.1430.2143
(E) CXCL1 abundanceTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS treatment1, 34F = 655.2<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex1, 34F = 7.3220.0106
Two-way ANOVAInteraction1, 34F = 7.0130.0122
F, G (All groups)3 fetuses3(F) Brain Luminex cytokines (High set)Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 8F = 34.310.0004
sex unknownTwo-way ANOVALPS effect on MCP3 (Tukey's post hoc test)8t = 3.6140.0136
Two-way ANOVALPS effect on VEGF (Tukey's post hoc test)8t = 4.6690.0032
(G) Brain Luminex cytokines (Low set)Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 8F = 38.65<0.0001
Two-way ANOVALPS effect on MIP1α (Tukey's post hoc test)8t = 3.1280.0009
Two-way ANOVALPS effect on CXCL10 (Tukey's post hoc test)8t = 5.6640.0279
H (saline)663(H) CXCL10 abundance (ELISA)Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS treatment1, 20F = 7.5320.0125
H (LPS)663Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)20q = 4.550.0207
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)20q = 0.93920.9093
Figure 3B, C (All groups)9 fetuses>3(B) Umbilical perfusionTwo-tailed t testSaline vs LPS 2 h35t = 4.0960.0100
sex unknownTwo-tailed t testSaline vs LPS 24 h35t = 1.3680.0900
(C) Fetal heart rateTwo-tailed t testSaline vs LPS 2 h47t = 5.970<0.0001
Two-tailed t testSaline vs LPS 24 h47t = 0.3070.3800
E (saline)653(E) Hypoxia (all regions)Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males1, 36F = 90.47<0.0001
E (LPS)574Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females1, 34F = 9.1280.0048
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in cortex (both sexes)1, 18F = 113.5<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in cortex1, 18F = 4.4550.0491
Two-way ANOVAInteraction cortex1, 18F = 8.1860.0104
Two-way ANOVALPS M vs LPS F cortex (Tukey's post hoc test)18q = 5.2320.0081
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in thalamus (both sexes)1, 17F = 3.8440.0665
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in thalamus1, 17F = 0.6400.4348
Two-way ANOVAInteraction thalamus1, 17F = 1.6500.2162
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in LGE (both sexes)1, 20F = 3.5530.0741
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in LGE1, 20F = 4.5020.0465
Two-way ANOVAInteraction LGE1, 20F = 0.4960.4893
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in MGE (both sexes)1, 15F = 2.4380.1393
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in MGE1, 15F = 0.0160.9011
Two-way ANOVAInteraction MGE1, 15F = 0.5450.4717
G (saline)995(G) Metaphase cells in VZTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS treatment1, 34F = 11.070.0021
G (LPS)1196Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex1, 34F = 6.0920.0188
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)34q = 3.9350.0414
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)34q = 2.7490.2295
(H) Total cortex areaTwo-way ANOVAEffect of sex on cortex area1,20F = 0.29750.5915
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS on cortex area1,20F = 0.00430.9486
Figure 4A (3 weeks saline)1717>3(A) Weights 3 weeksTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 59F = 23.02<0.0001
A (3 weeks LPS)1613Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex1, 59F = 4.1850.0453
Two-way ANOVAInteraction1, 59F = 4.3120.0422
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)59q = 6.69<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)59q = 2.8010.2068
A (4 weeks saline)1925>3(A) Weights 4 weeksTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 79F = 6.0130.0164
A (4 weeks LPS)2313Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex1, 79F = 19.86<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAInteraction1, 79F = 8.0170.0059
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)79q = 5.0410.0034
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)79q = 0.39940.9921
A (6–8 weeks saline)119>3(A) Weights 6–8 weeksTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 39F = 13.330.0008
A (6–8 weeks LPS)149Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex1, 39F = 63.97<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAInteraction1, 39F = 0.4080.5283
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)39q = 3.2770.0361
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)39q = 3.990.1115
A 11–14 weeks saline)1110>3(A) Weights 11–14 weeksTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 38F = 33.45<0.0001
A (11–14 weeks LPS)138Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex1, 38F = 82.55<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAInteraction1, 38F = 2.3020.1375
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)38F = 3.9860.0366
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)38F = 7.898<0.0001
A (14–17 weeks saline)118>3(A) Weights 14-17 weeksTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 36F = 1.0310.3168
A (14–17 weeks LPS )147Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex1, 36F = 63.22<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAInteraction1, 36F = 0.0040.9495
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)36q = 0.85270.9305
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)36q = 1.2420.8161
(A) Weights all time pointsTwo-way ANOVALPS females vs LPS males1, 249F = 40.13<0.0001
B (saline)96>3(B) Juvenile dyadic interactionsTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS (both sexes)1,28F = 2.1890.1501
B (LPS)89>3Two-way ANOVAInteraction LPS X sex1,28F = 7.0650.0128
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)28q = 3.980.0415
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)28q = 1.2290.8206
(C) Open field time in centerRM ANOVAEffect of condition (treatment + sex)3, 46F = 2.1950.3122
C (saline)89>3RM ANOVAEffect of Time1, 46F = 33.19<0.0001
C (LPS)108>3RM ANOVAInteraction condition × time3, 46F = 2.1950.1014
RM ANOVASaline female early vs late (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 3.8980.0013
RM ANOVALPS Female early vs late (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 0.40420.9905
RM ANOVASaline male early vs late (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 3.6440.0027
RM ANOVALPS male early vs late (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 4.1940.0005
Figure 5B–D (saline)1194(B) SocializationTwo-tailed t testEffect of LPS in males23t = 1.8560.0762
B–D (LPS)1484Two-tailed t testEffect of LPS in females23t = 0.47140.6442
(C-D) Social sniffing habituationTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males1, 44F = 26.990.0073
F–K (saline)10115Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females1, 26F = 0.42380.5202
F–K (LPS)1366(F) DMP latencyRM ANOVAEffect of sex in saline1, 114F = 0.3590.5503
RM ANOVAEffect of sex in LPS1, 102F = 5.8320.0175
(G) DMP swim speedRM ANOVAEffect of sex in saline1, 114F = 1.2590.2641
M (saline)1818>3RM ANOVAEffect of sex in LPS1, 102F = 20.85<0.0001
M (LPS)136>3(H) DMP thigmotaxiaRM ANOVAEffect of sex in saline1, 114F = 4.8370.0299
RM ANOVAEffect of sex in LPS1, 102F = 17.09<0.0001
(I) DMP previous platform crossingsRM ANOVAEffect of sex in saline1, 114F = 0.00080.9782
RM ANOVAEffect of sex in LPS1, 102F = 4.3240.0401
(J) DMP platform annulus entriesRM ANOVAEffect of sex in saline1, 114F = 0.01580.9001
RM ANOVAEffect of sex in LPS1, 102F = 7.3960.0077
(L) Marble buryingTwo-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS1, 51F = 9.9390.0027
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males (Tukey's post hoc test)51q = 5.2480.0028
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females (Tukey's post hoc test)51q = 1.5810.6803
Figure 6All panels and groups66>3(B) Cortical thicknessTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS1, 20F = 0.31720.5795
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex1, 20F = 0.30390.5875
(C–G) Density of ant. Satb2 neuronsTwo-tailed t testTotals saline male vs LPS male10t = 2.110.0611
Two-tailed t testTotals saline female vs LPS female10t = 1.8820.0893
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 24.23<0.0001
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 2 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.4720.0097
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 3 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.2450.0146
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in males1, 100F = 35.98<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 5.0370.0026
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.7640.0050
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 4 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 3.5760.0563
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in females1, 100F = 26.75<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 1.5630.6869
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 1.7230.6161
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 4 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 1.7540.6018
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 24.23<0.0001
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.4720.0097
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.2850.0146
(H-L) Density of ant. PV interneuronsTwo-tailed t testTotals saline male vs LPS male10t = 2.5360.0295
Two-tailed t testTotals saline female vs LPS female10t = 0.23720.8173
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 24.23<0.0001
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 2 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.9880.0029
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 3 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 5.6350.0005
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 4 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 6.795<0.0001
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 5 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.0830.0222
Two-way ANOVASaline male vs saline female bin 6 Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 3.7770.0406
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in males1, 100F = 18.79<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 5.0970.0022
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.8630.0039
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 4 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 6.1590.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 5 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 3.3410.0878
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in females1, 100F = 0.17340.6730
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 1.1330.8539
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 0.80940.9402
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 4 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 0.0665>0.9999
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 5 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 0.51110.9838
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 32.89<0.0001
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 4.9880.0356
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 5.6350.0107
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex, bin 4 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 6.7950.0010
(M–Q) Density of ant. DAPI cellsOne-way ANOVATotals all groups3, 20F = 0.39560.7576
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in males1, 100F = 9.5700.0447
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in females1, 100F = 0.84490.3656
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 4.2820.0761
Figure 7All panels and groups56>3(A–E) Density of post. Satb2 neuronsTwo-tailed t testTotals saline male vs saline female9t = 2.4260.0382
Two-tailed t testTotals saline male vs LPS male8t = 2.1610.0626
Two-tailed t testTotals saline female vs LPS female10t = 0.18020.8606
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex in saline1, 90F = 44.03<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 3.8420.0361
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 4.2450.0161
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 5 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 5.2620.0015
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 6 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 4.2920.0146
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 7 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 3.8680.0343
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 8 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 3.780.0406
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in males1, 80F = 29.39<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 2 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 4.760.0051
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin #3 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 4.1130.0211
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin #5 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 4.1220.0207
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in females1, 100F = 0.21260.6457
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 26.250<0.0001
(F–J) Density of post. PV interneuronsTwo-tailed t testTotals saline male vs saline female9t = 1.3920.1975
Two-tailed t testTotals saline male vs LPS male8t = 2.2060.0584
Two-tailed t testTotals saline female vs LPS female10t = 1.1830.2643
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex in saline1,90F = 10.180.0020
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in males1, 80F = 0.0399<0.0001
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 5 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 1.2760.0259
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in females1, 100F = 6.4600.0126
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 5.3210.0020
(K-O) Density of post. DAPI cellsOne-way ANOVATotals all groups3,18F = 0.73220.5462
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of sex in saline1, 90F = 0.12960.7197
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in males1, 100F = 9.5700.0020
Two-way ANOVAOverall effect of LPS in females1, 100F = 0.84490.3602
Two-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 4.2820.7197
Figure 8Anterior cortex (A–C)66>3(A-C) Anterior PV/Satb2 ratioTwo-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 2.4210.1229
Two-way ANOVAOverall LPS effect in males1, 100F = 7.7310.0065
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in males, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 3.8750.0336
Two-way ANOVAOverall LPS effect in females1, 100F = 4.540.0356
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS in females, bin 3 (Tukey's post hoc test)200q = 0.83350.9352
Posterior cortex (D–F)56>3(D-F) Posterior PV/Satb2 ratioTwo-way ANOVABaseline effect of sex in saline1, 100F = 11.360.0011
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex in saline, bin 7 (Tukey's post hoc test)180q = 4.3860.0119
Two-way ANOVAOverall LPS effect in males1, 80F = 3.4560.0298
Two-way ANOVAOverall LPS effect in females1, 100F = 0.13910.7780
Extended Data Figure 1-1A, B (saline 2 h)Avg. ratios18(A) Live/dead ratioFisher's exact testLive/dead ratio Sal vs LPSNANA<0.0001
A, B (saline 24 h)Avg. ratios30(B) Sex ratioFisher's exact testSex Ratio Sal vs LPSNANA0.2001
A, B (LPS 2 h)Avg. ratios13
A, B (LPS 24 h)Avg. ratios29
Extended Data Figure 4-1A, B (saline)1194(A) Social noveltyTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS1, 38F = 0.00060.9807
A, B (LPS)1484Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex1, 38F = 0.64190.4280
(B) Buried foodTwo-way ANOVAEffect of treatment1, 33F = 1.7770.1916
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex1, 33F = 1.180.2852
C (saline)89>3(C) OF total ambulationTwo-way ANOVAEffect of LPS early1, 46F = 1.2260.2739
C (LPS)108>3Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex early1, 46F = 3.0210.0889
Two-way ANOVAInteraction early1, 46F = 0.22290.8820
Two-way ANOVAEffect of LPS late1, 46F = 1.2170.2758
Two-way ANOVAEffect of sex late1, 46F = 1.5760.2157
Two-way ANOVAInteraction late1, 46F = 0.21970.6415
RM ANOVAEffect of Condition (treatment + sex)3, 46F = 1.3210.2790
RM ANOVAEffect of time in saline F (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 3.5430.0037
RM ANOVAEffect of time in LPS F (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 1.8230.2673
RM ANOVAEffect of time in saline M (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 4.1270.0006
RM ANOVAEffect of time in LPS M (Tukey's post hoc test)46t = 1.790.2838

  • F, Female; M, male; Avg., average; ant., anterior; post., posterior; Sal, saline; df, degrees of freedom. Bold type indicates significance.