RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Microglial Expression of the Wnt Signaling Modulator DKK2 Differs between Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brains and Mouse Neurodegeneration Models JF eneuro JO eNeuro FD Society for Neuroscience SP ENEURO.0306-22.2022 DO 10.1523/ENEURO.0306-22.2022 VO 10 IS 1 A1 Nozie D. Aghaizu A1 Sarah Jolly A1 Satinder K. Samra A1 Bernadett Kalmar A1 Katleen Craessaerts A1 Linda Greensmith A1 Patricia C. Salinas A1 Bart De Strooper A1 Paul J. Whiting YR 2023 UL http://www.eneuro.org/content/10/1/ENEURO.0306-22.2022.abstract AB Wnt signaling is crucial for synapse and cognitive function. Indeed, deficient Wnt signaling is causally related to increased expression of DKK1, an endogenous negative Wnt regulator, and synapse loss, both of which likely contribute to cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increasingly, AD research efforts have probed the neuroinflammatory role of microglia, the resident immune cells of the CNS, which have furthermore been shown to be modulated by Wnt signaling. The DKK1 homolog DKK2 has been previously identified as an activated response and/or disease-associated microglia (DAM/ARM) gene in a mouse model of AD. Here, we performed a detailed analysis of DKK2 in mouse models of neurodegeneration, and in human AD brain. In APP/PS1 and APPNL-G-F AD mouse model brains as well as in SOD1G93A ALS mouse model spinal cords, but not in control littermates, we demonstrated significant microgliosis and microglial Dkk2 mRNA upregulation in a disease-stage-dependent manner. In the AD models, these DAM/ARM Dkk2+ microglia preferentially accumulated close to βAmyloid plaques. Furthermore, recombinant DKK2 treatment of rat hippocampal primary neurons blocked WNT7a-induced dendritic spine and synapse formation, indicative of an anti-synaptic effect similar to that of DKK1. In stark contrast, no such microglial DKK2 upregulation was detected in the postmortem human frontal cortex from individuals diagnosed with AD or pathologic aging. In summary, the difference in microglial expression of the DAM/ARM gene DKK2 between mouse models and human AD brain highlights the increasingly recognized limitations of using mouse models to recapitulate facets of human neurodegenerative disease.